International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy Activities in Canada: 1999-2003

Compiled by Randolph J. Enkin, Geological Survey of Canada, and

Robert E. Horita, University of Victoria

__________________________________________________________

The report is divided into the following five sections, each of which has a compiler or compilation group:

1. Aeromagnetism

2. Geomagnetism, including geomagnetic observatories

3. Electromagnetism

4. Paleomagnetism and Rock Magnetism

5. Space physics (A: Atmospheric Studies, B: Space Plasma Research)

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1. Aeromagnetism

Compiled by Sonya A. Dehler, Geological Survey of Canada

1.1 Geological Survey of Canada

Contributors: S.A. Dehler, C. Lowe, G.N. Oakey, M. Pilkington

1.1.1 Aeromagnetic Surveys

For 1999-2003, over 820,000 line-km of aeromagnetic data were collected by the Geological Survey of Canada in collaboration with various industrial, provincial and territorial partners (Dumont et al., 2000; 2001; 2002; 2003). Surveys were flown in a variety of geographic areas with numerous goals. High-resolution surveys for geologic mapping and mineral exploration purposes were flown in New Brunswick; Atlin, British Columbia; Committee Bay, Nunavut; Kapuskasing and Timmins, Ontario and Lac Vernon, Quebec. Oil and gas exploration has led to partnership surveys in the Yukon and the Mackenzie valley corridor, Northwest Territories with a multiyear acquisition program that is continuing. A survey over Lake Ontario and northern New York was flown to help in seismic risk studies for the nuclear energy industry. A helicopter-borne electromagnetic and magnetic survey in selected semi-arid regions of Brazil was conducted to map lineaments for the purpose of groundwater exploration. Approximately 9000 km of helicopter-borne aeromagnetic data were collected over Hall Basin and Kane Basin east of Ellesmere Island in 2001. These data were collected as part of a joint Canadian (GSC) and German (BGR) multi-disciplinary scientific program to study tectonic plate interactions between northern Greenland and Ellesmere Island, and additional data in this region will be acquired during 2003.

1.1.2 Compilations

The compilation of a new magnetic anomaly map and digital database for the North American continent has been completed (Finn et al., 2001, NAMAG, 2002). The main product (a 1-km gridded data set) from this joint project between the U.S. Geological Survey, Geological Survey of Canada and Consejo de Recursos Minerales (Mexico) is available free for download and supersedes that produced in 1987 for the Decade of North American Geology project. As part of this project, portions of the national magnetic coverage of Canada have been reprocessed and recompiled (Miles and Oneschuck, 1999; Miles, 2002). High-altitude (4 km) aeromagnetic data was used to correct the long-wavelength portion of the Canadian data (Ravat et al., 2002). A set of 1:5 000 000 scale maps of the magnetic field and derived products for Canada has also been released (Miles et al, 2000a; 2000b; 2000c).

A new series of total field magnetic anomaly maps were prepared for the onshore and offshore regions of Atlantic Canada based on a new compilation of reprocessed aeromagnetic and marine survey data. Individual surveys and grids were wavelength-filtered, datum-corrected and micro-levelled to produce a 500m grid, and shadow-enhanced maps at 1:3 000 000 scale (regional) and 1:1 500 000 scale (3 sub-areas) were released as GSC Open Files in 2003 (Oakey and Dehler, 2003a-d).

A series of sixteen 1:50,000 scale total field magnetic anomaly maps based on 30 000 km of new aeromagnetic data in the Atlin area of northwestern British Columbia were released in 2001 as GSC Open Files (Dumont et al., 2001a-p). These were followed by subsequent ground-based field investigations and preliminary interpretations of the data.

An atlas of geophysical (including magnetic) signatures of massive sulphide ore deposit signatures was compiled for the Bathurst mining camp in New Brunswick (Thomas et al., 2000). Magnetic case histories are also featured in short course notes for geophysical methods in mineral exploration (Lowe et al., 1999).

1.1.3 Interpretation

The use of aeromagnetic data for basement mapping beneath the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin continues with interpreted maps produced for Manitoba (Pilkington and Thomas, 2001)

and Alberta (Pilkington et al., 2000; Ross et al., 2000). With recent acquisition of high resolution surveys in the Mackenzie corridor in northwestern Canada, interpretation has proceeded on intrasedimentary (MacLean and Miles, 2002) and basement structure (Aspler et al., 2003) from the magnetic data. The relationship between long wavelength magnetic anomalies and surface magnetizations has been investigated in the Minto Block, Quebec (Pilkington and Percival, 1999; 2001). Magnetic data has also proven useful in elucidating the morphology of large impact craters (Lamontagne et al., 2000; Pilkington and Hildebrand, 2000; Pilkington et al., 2002). The utility of making draping corrections to line data before tie-line levelling and gridding was shown to be effective (Pilkington and Thurston, 2001). Magnetic data have been included with other geophysical data sets in a statistical methodology for mineral potential mapping (Chung and Keating, 2002).

1.2 Provincial Surveys and Government Departments

Contributors: R.C. Boehner, M.S. King, L. Petrie, D. Rainsford

Most data acquisition in the provinces was conducted in collaboration with the Geological Survey of Canada and other industry partners, and the activities are described in the reports of Dumont et al. (2000; 2001; 2002; 2003). In addition, the Ontario Geological Survey was heavily involved in the purchase and publication of data from the exploration industry and the remediation of existing data sets. In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, aeromagnetic data were recompiled and processed in support of geologic interpretations; maps and reports were generally released as open files by the New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy and the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources. Also in Nova Scotia, the South Central Cape Breton Island TGI Mapping Project (2000-2003) included the preparation of a series of reprocessed magnetic total field, vertical derivative, and second vertical derivative maps for the area that will be released later in 2003.

1.3 Universities

Contributors: S.M. Barr, H.G. Miller, W.A. Morris

The interpretation of aeromagnetic data formed the focus of several graduate theses at universities in Canada, targeting areas such as Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, the northeastern and western parts of Newfoundland, and other locations in Alberta, Ontario, and northern Canada. Techniques ranged from qualititative interpretation to various processing and analysis techniques such as derivative maps, analytic signal and directional filtering, Euler deconvolution and forward modelling. Geologic targets varied from bedrock and basement mapping to high resolution applications such as contaminated sediment mapping and cultural noise removal.

Publications

Aspler, L.B., Pilkington, M., and Miles, W.F., 2003, Interpretations of Precambrian basement based on recent aeromagnetic data, Mackenzie Valley NWT. Current Research 2003-C2, Geological Survey of Canada, 11pp.

Bourlon, E., Mareschal, J.C., Roest, W.R., and Telmat, H., 2002, Geophysical correlations in the Ungava Bay area. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39, 625-637.

Boyce, J.I., and Morris, W.A., 2002, Basement-controlled faulting of Paleozoic strata in southern Ontario, Canada: Evidence from geophysical lineament mapping. Tectonophysics, 353, 151-171.

Boyce, J., Pozza, M., and Morris, W.A., 2001, High resolution magnetic mapping of contaminated sediments in urbanized environments. The Leading Edge, 20, 886-895.

Chung, C. J., and Keating, P., 2002, Mineral potential exploration based on airborne geophysical data. Exploration Geophysics, 33, 28-34.

Cook, F.A., Lynn, C.E., and Hall, K.W., 2003, Cross-strike potential-field anomalies in the Canadian Cordillera. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 40, 1-11.

Dehler, S.A. and Potter, D.P., 2002, Determination of nearshore geologic structure off western Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, using high-resolution marine magnetics. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39: 1299-1312.

Dumont, R., Coyle, M., Oneschuk, D. Kiss, F., and Tod, J., 2000, Aeromagnetic survey program of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1998-2000. Current Research, Geological Survey of Canada, 3 p. (CD-ROM).

Dumont, R. Coyle, M. and Potvin, J., 2001a, Aeromagnetic total field map, Nakina Lake, 104N/1. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4091, 1:50,000.

Dumont, R. Coyle, M. and Potvin, J., 2001b, Aeromagnetic total field map, Nakina, 104N/2. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4092, 1:50,000.

Dumont, R. Coyle, M. and Potvin, J., 2001c, Aeromagnetic total field map, Sloko River, 104N/3. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4093, 1:50,000.

Dumont, R. Coyle, M. and Potvin, J., 2001d, Aeromagnetic total field map, Sloko Lake, 104N/4. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4094, 1:50,000.

Dumont, R. Coyle, M. and Potvin, J., 2001e, Aeromagnetic total field map, Teresa Island, 104N/5. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4095, 1:50,000.

Dumont, R. Coyle, M. and Potvin, J., 2001f, Aeromagnetic total field map, Dixie Lake, 104N/6. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4096, 1:50,000.

Dumont, R. Coyle, M. and Potvin, J., 2001g, Aeromagnetic total field map, Bell Lake, 104N/7. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4097, 1:50,000.

Dumont, R. Coyle, M. and Potvin, J., 2001h, Aeromagnetic total field map, Hayes Peak, 104N/8. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4098, 1:50,000.

Dumont, R. Coyle, M. and Potvin, J., 2001i, Aeromagnetic total field map, Goodwin Creek, 104N/9. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4099, 1:50,000.

Dumont, R. Coyle, M. and Potvin, J., 2001j, Aeromagnetic total field map, Eva Lake, 104N/10. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4100, 1:50,000.

Dumont, R. Coyle, M. and Potvin, J., 2001k, Aeromagnetic total field map, Surprise Lake, 104N/11. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4101, 1:50,000.

Dumont, R. Coyle, M. and Potvin, J., 2001l, Aeromagnetic total field map, Atlin, 104N/12. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4102, 1:50,000.

Dumont, R. Coyle, M. and Potvin, J., 2001m, Aeromagnetic total field map, Mount Minto, 104N/13. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4103, 1:50,000.

Dumont, R. Coyle, M. and Potvin, J., 2001n, Aeromagnetic total field map, Consolation Creek, 104N/14. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4104, 1:50,000.

Dumont, R. Coyle, M. and Potvin, J., 2001o, Aeromagnetic total field map, Gladys Creek, 104N/15. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4105, 1:50,000.

Dumont, R. Coyle, M. and Potvin, J., 2001p, Aeromagnetic total field map, Gladys River, 104N/16. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4106, 1:50,000.

Dumont, R., Kiss, F., Coyle, M., Oneschuk, D., Dostaler, F. and Tod, J., 2001, Aeromagnetic survey program of the Geological Survey of Canada, 2000-2001. Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research, 2001-D20, 5 p.

Dumont, R., Kiss, F., Ford, M., Maurice, Y., Coyle, M., Potvin, J., Oneschuk, D., Dostaler, F. and Tod, J., 2002, Aeromagnetic survey program of the Geological Survey of Canada, 2001-2002. Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research, 2001-D9, 5 p.

Dumont, R., Kiss, F., Coyle, M., Potvin, J., Oneschuk, D., and Dostaler, F., 2003, Aeromagnetic survey program of the Geological Survey of Canada, 2002-2003. Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research, 2001-H1, 4 p.

Ethier, M., 2001, Re-interpretation of the geology of the Cape Breton Highlands using combined remote sensing and geological databases. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, 126p.

Finn, C.A., Pilkington, M., Cuevas, A., and Urrutia, J., 2001, New digital data base helps to map North America. Eos, Trans. AGU, v.82, 325-330.

Hayward, N., Dehler, S.A., and Oakey, G.N., 2001, The northeastern Gulf of St. Lawrence: Structure constrained by new magnetic and gravity maps. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 38, 1495-1516.

Horne, R.J., King, M.S., and Young, P., 1999, Geology of the Wittenburg Mountain Slate Belt, Centre Musquodoboit Area (NTS 11E/03), Nova Scotia. In Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Minerals and Energy Branch Report ME 2000-1, ed. D.R. MacDonald, p 67-74.

Horne, R.J., MacDonald, L.A., and King, M.S., 2001, Geological Map of the Meguma Group in the Rawdon Area [part of 11E/04], Hants County, Nova Scotia: 1:50 000 scale. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Open File Map ME 2001-1.

Horne R.J., White, C.E. Muir, C., Young, M.D., and King M.S., 1999, Geology of the Weymouth – Church Point area (NTS 21A/05 and 21B/08), Southwest Nova Scotia. In Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources Minerals and Energy Branch Report ME 2000-1, ed. D.R. MacDonald, p 75-91.

Horne, R.J., MacDonald, L.A. and King, M.S., 2001, Geological Map of the Meguma Group in the Rawdon Area [part of 11E/04], Hants County, Nova Scotia: 1:50 000 scale. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Open File Map ME 2001-1.

Jackson, H.R., Oakey, G.N., and Dehler, S.A., 2002, Nares Strait: collaborative research to solve a geological controversy. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 2001 Science Review, 13-14.

King, M.S., 2000, Enhanced aeromagnetic and digital elevation data for the Eastern Shore of Nova Scotia: 1:250 000 scale. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Open File Map ME 2000-2.

King, M.S., 2002a, The Mira - Bras d'Or terrane boundary in Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia: Potential field and petrophysical investigations applied to tectonic analysis in the northern Appalachian Orogen. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia. 195p.

King, M.S., 2002b, Contractor's Report (with Introduction), Potential Field Modelling Project, Targeted Geoscience Initiative, Guysborough, Inverness, Richmond and Victoria Counties (NTS 11F10, /11, /14, /15, and 11K/02), South Central Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Open File Report ME 2002-?.

King, M.S., and Barr, S.M., 2003a, Southern New Brunswick potential fields project: Implications for granite-related gold mineralization in the Clarence Stream area. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Open File Report.

King, M.S. and Barr, S.M., 2003b, Southern New Brunswick potential fields project: Implications for tectonic analysis in the northern Appalachian orogen. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Open File Report.

Lamontagne, M., Keating, P., and Perreault, S., 2003, Seismotectonic characteristics of the Lower St. Lawrence Seismic Zone, Quebec: insights from geology, magnetics, gravity and seismics. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 40, 317-336.

Lamontagne, M., Keating, P., and Toutin, T., 2000, Complex faulting confounds earthquake research in the Charlevoix seismic zone. Eos, Trans. AGU, 81, 289-292.

Leblanc, G.E., and Morris, W.A., 1999, Aeromagnetics of southern Alberta within areas of hydrocarbon accumulation. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 47, 439-454.

Leblanc, G.E., and Morris, W.A., 2001, Application of wavelet based filtering to elimination of noise in aeromagnetic data. Geophysics 66, 1793-1804.

Lowe, C., and Anderson, R.G., 2002, Preliminary Interpretations of new aeromagnetic data for the Atlin map area, British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2002-A17.

Lowe, C., and Mihalynuk, M.G., 2002, Overview of the Atlin Integrated Geoscience Project, northwestern British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2002.

Mihalynuk, M.G. and Lowe, C., 2002, Atlin TGI, Part I: An Introduction to the Atlin Targeted Geoscience Initiative. In Geological Fieldwork 2001, B.C. Ministry of Energy and Mines, Paper 2002-1, pages 1-4.

Lowe, C., Thomas, M.D., and Morris, W.A. (Editors), 1999, Geophysics in Mineral Exploration: Fundamentals and Case Histories. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes, Volume 14, 175 p.

MacLean, B.C., and Miles W.F. 2002, Potential field modeling of a Proterozoic graben near Blackwater Lake area, Northwest Territories, Canada, and its implications for the Fort Simpson Anomaly. Can. J. Earth Sci., 39, 169-187.

Miles, W.F., and Oneschuk, D., 1999, Magnetic residual total field, Yukon Territory / Champ

magnétique résiduel total, territoire du Yukon. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File

3740.

Miles, W.F., Roest, W.R., and Vo, M.P., 2000a, Magnetic Anomaly Map, Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 3829a.

Miles, W.F., Roest, W.R., and Vo, M.P., 2000b, First Vertical Derivative of Magnetic Anomalies, Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 3829b.

Miles, W.F., Roest, W.R., and Vo, M.P., 2000c, Tilt of Magnetic Anomalies, Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 3829c.

Miles, W.F., 2002., Aeromagnetic Data Remediation, Axel Heiberg Island and northeastern Canada Basin, Nunavut-Northwest Territories. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4195.

Morris, W.A., Boyce, J.I., Leblanc, G.E., and Markham, K.J., 1999, Aeromagnetic and gravity evidence for basement control of regional fracture pattern in Paleozoic sediments. Proceedings of the Ontario Petroleum Institute, 36, 21-34.

Morris, W.A., Pozza, M., Boyce, J., and Leblanc, G., 2001, Enhancement of magnetic data by the logarithmic transformation. The Leading Edge, 20, 882-885.

NAMAG (North American Magnetic Anomaly Group), 2002, Digital data grids for the magnetic anomaly map of North America. U.S.G.S. Open File Report 02-414.

Oakey, G.N., and Dehler, S.A., 2003, Atlantic Canada Magnetic Map Series: Atlantic Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File.

Oakey, G.N., and Dehler, S.A., 2003, Atlantic Canada Magnetic Map Series: Grand Banks and surrounds. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File.

Oakey, G.N., and Dehler, S.A., 2003, Atlantic Canada Magnetic Map Series: Gulf of St. Lawrence and surrounds. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File.

Oakey, G.N., and Dehler, S.A., 2003, Atlantic Canada Magnetic Map Series: Scotian Shelf and surrounds. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File.

Pilkington, M., and Percival, J.A., 1999, Crustal magnetization and long wavelength aeromagnetic anomalies of the Minto block, Quebec. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 7513-7526.

Pilkington, M., Miles, W.F., Ross G.M., and Roest, W.R. 2000, Potential field signatures of buried Precambrian basement in the western Canada sedimentary basin: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 37, 1453-1471.

Pilkington, M., and Hildebrand, A.R., 2000, Three-dimensional magnetic imaging of the Chicxulub crater. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 23479-23491.

Pilkington, M., and Thurston, J.B., 2001, Draping corrections for aeromagnetic data: line versus grid-based approaches. Exploration Geophysics, 32, 95-101.

Pilkington, M., and Percival, J.A., 2001, Relating crustal magnetization and satellite-altitude magnetic anomalies in the Ungava peninsula, northern Quebec, Canada. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 194, 127-133.

Pilkington, M., and Thomas, M.D., 2001, Magnetic and gravity maps with interpreted Precambrian basement, Manitoba. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 3937, 4 sheets.

Pilkington, M., Pesonen, L., Grieve, R.A.F., and Masaitis, V.L., 2002, Geophysics and petrophysics of the Popigai impact structure, Siberia. In Impacts in Precambrian Shields, Eds. Plado, J. and Pesonen, L.J., p.87-107, Springer.

Prevec, L., and Morris, W.A., 2001, Enhanced resolution of geological structures from magnetic data: an example from the Abitibi Greenstone Belt. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 38, 963-974.

Ravat, D., Whaler, K., Pilkington, M., Purucker, M., and Sabaka, T., 2002, Compatibility of high-altitude aeromagnetic and satellite-altitude magnetic anomalies over Canada. Geophysics, 67, 546-554.

Ross, G.M., Eaton, D.W., Boerner, D.E., and Miles, W.F., 2000, Tectonic entrapment and its role in the evolution of continental lithosphere: An example from the Precambrian of western Canada. Tectonics, 19,116-134.

Shang, J., Morris, W.A., and Howarth, P., 2001, Using airborne magnetic and electromagnetic data to monitor mine tailings in Copper Cliff, Northern Ontario. CIM Bulletin 94 (#1056).

Thomas, M.D., Walker, J.A., Keating, P., Shives, R., Kiss, F., and Goodfellow, W.D., 2000, Geophysical Atlas of Massive Sulphide Signatures, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 3887; New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Open File 2000-4, 105 p.

White, C.E., and King, M.S., 2002, Preliminary bedrock geology of the Tusket (20P/13) map sheet, southwestern Nova Scotia. In Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Minerals and Energy Branch, Report of Activities 2001, ed. D.R. MacDonald. Report ME 2002-1, p. 1-18.

White, C.E., Horne, R.J., Teniere, P.J., Jodrey, M.J., and King, M.S., 2000, Geology of the Meteghan River-Yarmouth area: a progress report on the southwest Nova Scotia Mapping Project. In Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy Branches Annual Report of Activities 2000, Report 01-01, p. 95-111.

White, C.E., Horne, R.J., King, M.S., MacDonald, L.M., Barr, S.M., Muir, C.M., Reynolds, P.H., and Ketchum, J.W.F., 2000, Geology of the Southwestern Meguma Terrane, Nova Scotia. In Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Minerals and Energy Branch Report, ME 2000-2, ed. D.R. MacDonald, p 29-33.

2. Geomagnetism

(Compiled by L.R. Newitt, D.H. Boteler, R.L. Coles and H.-L. Lam, L. McKee, L. Trichtchenko, J. Parmelee, Geological Survey of Canada )

2.1 Magnetic Observatories and Surveys

The Geomagnetic Laboratory of the Geological Survey of Canada continues to operate a network of 13 magnetic observatories in Canada and is an active participant in INTERMAGNET. A new INTERMAGNET web site, located at the Geomagnetic Laboratory, now provides an easy to use interface for retrieving data files from any number of the 81 observatories that form part of the global network. Preliminary data for the past year and a half, the most recent being for yesterday, are available in two different formats. The user simply selects the date and the desired observatories from the menu. The data are then copied from the database, zipped, and sent to the user. The INTERMAGNET web site is found at www.intermagnet.org.

A survey to redetermine the position of the North Magnetic Pole (NMP) was completed in May 2001. The survey showed that the NMP has accelerated rapidly in recent years and is now moving North West at over 40 km per year. The acceleration of the NMP correlates well with a series of magnetic jerks that has occurred since 1969.

2.2. Space Weather Forecasting

A major revision has been made to the forecast services provided over the web. These can now be accessed at www.spaceweather.ca. Based on the well-established general quantitative algorithms for producing NRCan/GSC forecasts for the polar, auroral, and sub-auroral regions of Canada, a new series of products has been developed to provide region-specific forecasts. These forecasts depend heavily on the latest measured magnetic field data from an observatory in the region, on long term statistical models of the temporal behaviour of the field at that location, and on the latest solar and solar wind data which are provided through collaborations with NOAA and NASA..

Two prototype schemes have been developed for forecasting the geomagnetically induced currents in a power system. In Prototype I, statistical relations are used to predict the geomagnetic Kp activity index and the electric fields produced in a power system. In Prototype II, statistical relations are used to determine the ionospheric current systems, and a physical model is then used to determine the electric fields in the power system. In both cases, the predicted electric fields serve as input to a model of the power system to determine the expected geomagnetically induced currents at different substations.

An algorithm has been developed to forecast the fluence of energetic electrons with energies greater than 2 MeV in geosynchronous orbit. When fluence is high, there is a high likelihood of internal charging of satellite components by energetic electrons, with possible electric discharges that could result in malfunction or even complete failure of the satellite. Thus, a high fluence forecast would signal adverse space weather conditions that may be hazardous to geosynchronous satellites.

2.3 Geomagnetic Effects on Technology

To examine the effect of geomagnetic variations on pipelines, a multi-layer cylinder model of a pipeline has been developed. The model includes the electromagnetic parameters of the oil or gas in the pipeline, the pipeline steel, the coating, and surrounding medium. Results show that at low frequencies the geomagnetic variations are unaffected by the pipeline and the electric field inside the pipeline is the same as that in the surrounding earth. At higher frequencies, however, reflections from the pipeline steel become significant and lead to an attenuated electric field both inside the pipeline and in the ground adjacent to the pipeline. The model has been used to determine the effect of pipeline and soil characteristics on the pipeline response to disturbances of different frequencies.

There has been an increased awareness in the pipeline industry of the possible geomagnetic effects that may occur. A recent review by Gummow, Boteler and Trichtchenko, commissioned by the Pipeline Research Committee International (PRCI) examines currents produced in pipelines both by induction from geomagnetic field variations, and by the tidal dynamo of conducting seawater moving through the earth’s magnetic field. The report reviews the state-of-the-art in modeling the electric fields produced by the different sources, the electromagnetic interaction with different layers of a pipeline, and the production of pipe-to-soil potentials along a pipeline. Effects on corrosion rates and pipeline surveys are examined together with techniques for ameliorating these problems.

2.4 Publications

Boteler, D.H. and Pirjola, R.J., The magnetic and electric fields produced in the sea during geomagnetic disturbances, Pure Appl. Geophys., in press, 2003.

Boteler, D.H., Geomagnetic hazards to conducting networks, J. Natural Hazards, in press, 2003.

Boteler, D.H., Space Weather Effects on Power Systems, Space Weather, Geophysical Monograph 125, ed. P. Song, H.J. Singer, and G.L. Siscoe, AGU, Washington, 347-352, 2001.

Boteler, D.H., Geomagnetic hazards; in A Synthesis of Geological Hazards in Canada; (Brooks, G.R., editor), Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 548. 183-206, 2001.

Boteler, D.H. Assessment of geomagnetic hazard to Canadian power systems, Natural Hazards, 23, 101-120, 2001.

Boteler, D.H. and L. Trichtchenko, L., Observations of Telluric Currents in Canadian Pipelines, Paper 01316, Proceedings, CORROSION 2001, NACE, Houston, March 11-16, 2001

Boteler, D.H. and Trichtchenko, L., International Study of Telluric Current Effects on Pipelines, Final Report, GSC Open File 3050, 2000.

Boteler, D.H., Pirjola, R. and Trichtchenko, L., On calculating the magnetic and electric fields produced at the earth’s surface by a “wide” electrojet, J. Atmos. Solar Terr. Phys., 62, 1311-1315, 2000.

Boteler, D.H., Geomagnetic effects on the pipe-to-soil potentials of a continental pipeline, Advances in Space Research, 26, 13-20, 2000.

Boteler, D.H., Gummow, R.A. and Rix, B.C., Evaluation of Telluric Current Effects on the Maritimes and Northeast Pipeline, Proc. NACE Northern Area Eastern Conference, Ottawa, Oct. 24-27, 1999.

Edwall, H.-E. and Boteler, D.H., Studies of Telluric Currents on Pipelines in Sourthern Sweden, Paper 01315, Proceedings, CORROSION 2001, NACE, Houston, March 11-16, 2001

Gummow, R., Boteler, D.H., and Trichtchenko, L., Telluric and ocean current effects on buried pipelines and their cathodic protection systems, Report for Pipeline Research Council International,, Catalog No. L51909, 2002.

Lam, H.-L., Prediction of relativistic electron fluence using magnetic observatory data, in Proceedings of COSPAR Colloquium Series Vol. 14, 439-442, 2002.

Lam, H.-L., D. H. Boteler, and L. Trichtchenko, Case studies of space weather events from their launching on the Sun to their impacts on power systems on the Earth, Annales Geophysicae,, 20, 1073-1079, 2002.

Newitt, L.R., The use of Ørsted data in regional magnetic field modelling, Proceedings of the 3rd International Ørsted science team meeting, Grasse, France, May 2-4, 2000.

Newitt, L.R., Mandea, M., McKee, L.A., and Orgeval, J.J., Recent acceleration of the North Magnetic Pole linked to magnetic jerks, Eos, Trans. AGU, vol 83, no 35, 381, 388-389, Aug 27, 2002.

Pirjola, R., Boteler, D., Viljanen, A., Amm, O., Prediction of Geomagnetically Induced Currents in Power Transmission Systems, Advances in Space Research, 26, 5, 2000.

Pirjola, R. and Boteler, D.H., Calculation method of electric and magnetic fields at the Earth’s surface produced by a line current for space weather applications, Radio Science, vol 37, no 3, 14-1 - 14-9, 2002.

Pirjola, R., Viljanen, A. and Boteler, D.H., Electric field at the seafloor due to a two-dimensional ionospheric current, Geophys. J. Int., 140, 286-294, 2000.

Pulkkinen, A., Pirjola, R., Boteler, D., Viljanen, A. and Yegorov, I. Modelling of space weather effects on pipelines, J. Applied Geophysics, 48, 233-256, 2001.

Rix, B.C. and Boteler, D.H., GIC effects on pipeline cathodic protection systems, Ocean Resources, vol 19, no 8, 58-61, October 2001.

Rix, B.C. and Boteler, D.H. Telluric current considerations in the CP design for the Maritimes and Northeast Pipeline, Paper 01317, Proceedings, CORROSION 2001, NACE, Houston, March 11-16, 2001

Trichtchenko, L. and Boteler, D.H., Specification of geomagnetically induced electric fields and currents in pipelines, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 106 , No. A10, 21039-21048, 2001.

Trichtchenko, L. Boteler, D.H., Hesjevik, S.M. and Birketveit, O., The Production of Telluric Current Effects in Norway, Paper 01314, Proc., CORROSION 2001, NACE, Houston, March 11-16, 2001

Trichtchenko, L. and Boteler, D.H., Modeling of geomagnetic induction in pipelines, Ann. Geophys., 20, 1063-1072, 2002.

3. Electromagnetism

Compiled by Alan G. Jones, Geological Survey of Canada

Contributions from Jim Craven: craven@nrcan.gc.ca , Ian J. Ferguson: ij_ferguson@umanitoba.ca , Alan G. Jones: ajones@nrcan.gc.ca , John Katsube: jkatsube@nrcan.gc.ca , Richard Kellett: rkellett@calgary.komex.com , Martyn Unsworth: unsworth@phys.ualberta.ca , Doug Oldenburg: doug@eos.ubc.ca , Katrin Schwalenberg: katrin@physics.utoronto.ca , Peter Walker: pwalker@geoalgorithms.ca , John Weaver: weaver@phys.uvic.ca

3.1. Lithoprobe activities

Lithoprobe is Canada's multi-disciplinary program for studies of the evolution of the northern half of the North American continent. It comprises 10 transects across the country.

3.1.1 SNORCLE (Slave and Northern Cordillera Crustal Evolution) Transect

3.1.1.1 SNORCLE - Slave craton

Alan G. Jones (Geological Survey of Canada)

Ian J. Ferguson (University of Manitoba)

Xavier Garcia (formerly of Geological Survey of Canada, now at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Alan D. Chave, Rob Evans (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Lithoprobe magnetotelluric (MT) studies on the Archean Slave craton were initiated in 1996, and continued to 2001. They included novel acquisition along ice roads during the wintertime, and novel acquisition using ocean-bottom EM systems in lakes across the craton deployed by float plane. A serendipitous discovery was of the presence of a conductivity anomaly in the sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) at depths of some 80-140 km beneath the central part of the craton (Jones et al., 2001, 2003). The spatial location of the anomaly correlates with the known extent of the Eocene-aged Lac de Gras diamondiferous kimberlite field, host to North America's first commercial diamond mine (Ekati). The geometry of the body, taken together with other geoscientific information, implies late-Archean delamination of the Slave's original SCLM and subcretion by exotic Archean-aged SCLM (Davis et al., 2003). In addition, Jones and Ferguson (2001) showed for the first time a change in electrical resistivity at the crust-mantle boundary.

3.1.1.2 SNORCLE - Proterozoic and Great Slave Lake Shear Zone

Ian J. Ferguson (University of Manitoba)

Xianghong Wu (University of Manitoba)

Alan G. Jones (Geological Survey of Canada)

Analysis and interpretation has been completed for the Proterozoic part of Corridor 1 and for Corridor 1a of the LITHOPROBE SNORCLE Transect in the Northwest Territories. This work formed part of the Ph.D. project of X. Wu and included contributions from I. Ferguson, A.G Jones and D. Eaton. The 50 MT sites analyzed lie on a profile crossing the ~2 Ga Great Slave Lake Shear Zone (GSLsz), the 1.9-1.8 Ga Proterozoic Wopmay orogen, the 1.7 Ga Fort Simpson basin, and the Nahanni terrane. The Phanerozoic results have been compared with petroleum industry borehole logs. The EM anisotropy around the GSLsz has been compared in detail with the seismic SKS results for the area.

3.1.1.3 SNORCLE - Cordillera

Alan G. Jones (Geological Survey of Canada)

Ian J. Ferguson, L. Wolynec (University of Manitoba)

Juanjo Ledo (formerly of Geological Survey of Canada, now at University of Barcelona)

MT data were recorded at 165 locations along both SNORCLE Corridors 2 and 3, and also connecting the two. The first publication from these data was concerning the strike-slip Tintina Fault (Ledo et al., 2002), which shows remarkably high resistivity in the fault trace, counter to other strike-slip faults. A Ledo et al. paper has been submitted on the Corridor 3 results.

MT tensor decomposition, 2D modelling, and geological interpretation of data from 15 MT sites from the western end of Corridor 3 in the Yukon Territory have been completed in the B.Sc. (Honours) thesis project of L. Wolynec. The work included contributions from I. Ferguson, A. Jones & J. Ledo. The sites analyzed cross the western belts of the northern Canadian Cordillera. Extensive MT tensor decomposition analyses, 2D inversion, and geological interpretation of data from 54 MT sites from Line 2a and the Connector Line of the SNORCLE Transect have been completed in the M.Sc. project of G. Wennberg. These sites also cross the western belts of the northern Canadian Cordillera. Contributions to the work came from I. Ferguson, A. Jones, and J. Ledo.

3.1.2 LITHOPROBE Western Superior Transect

Ian J. Ferguson (University of Manitoba)

Jim Craven (Geological Survey of Canada)

MT soundings were made at more than 230 sites in the western part of the Archean Superior Province, between 1997 and 2001 as part of the LITHOPROBE Western Superior Transect investigations. The project was coordinated by J. Craven, I. Ferguson, D. Boerner, R. Kurtz, and R. Bailey. The 1997 MT survey was a reconnaissance LiMS survey consisting of two north-south profiles crossing southern subprovinces of the Superior Province. The objective of the 1998 survey was to provide a full coverage of the regional resistivity structure of the upper mantle of the southwest Superior Province. The survey results suggested a significant transition in resistivity structure between the Mesoarchean North Caribou terrane and subprovinces to the south. This transition was imaged again in 1999 using a higher frequency MT survey. The final phase of the western Superior MT surveys involved imaging, at reconnaissance scale, the northern terranes of the western Superior Province. Additional sites were collected in a high resolution AMT study of the Fox River Sill, located at the northern margin of the Superior Province.

MT tensor decomposition, 2D modelling, and geological interpretation of data from two north-south lines located in Manitoba, in the western part of Superior Province were completed in the B.Sc. (Honours) thesis projects of G. Wennberg and M. Norton. MT tensor decomposition, 2D modelling, and geological interpretation of data from three northeast-southwest oriented lines in the northwestern part of the West Superior province have been completed in the M.Sc. thesis project of M. Orellana. This project has also involved analysis of a profile of AMT data crossing the Fox River Sill. MT dimensionality and strike analyses using Groom-Bailey decomposition methods have been completed for the whole data set of 230 MT sites in the western Superior Province in the postdoctoral project of X. Wu. In addition preliminary 2D inversions have been completed for four profiles crossing multiple subprovinces of the Superior Province. Input to this work has come from I. Ferguson and J. Craven.

3.1.3 LITHOPROBE Trans Hudson Orogen Transect

Alan G. Jones (Geological Survey of Canada)

Ian J. Ferguson (University of Manitoba)

K. Stevens (formerly University of Manitoba, now at Falconbridge Ltd.)

MT data were acquired in 1992 and 1994 at over 100 locations across the whole width of the Paleoproterozoic Trans Hudson Orogen. Re-analysis and re-interpretation are ongoing. MT data from 40 sites crossing the central part of the Proterozoic Trans Hudson Orogen, initially analyzed by K. Stevens, have been re-analyzed and re-interpreted by I. Ferguson, K. Stevens, and A.G Jones.

3.2. POLARIS

Ian J. Ferguson (University of Manitoba)

Alan G. Jones (Geological Survey of Canada)

Martyn J. Unsworth (University of Alberta)

The Portable Observatories for Lithospheric Analysis and Research Investigating Seismicity (POLARIS) is a Canadian research-infrastructure initiative to establish a semi-portable national geophysical network of seismometers and magnetotelluric (MT) instruments. The objectives are to improve our understanding of earthquake hazards and processes in parts of Canada, to provide improved deep-earth imaging capabilities, and to contribute to geomagnetic hazard investigations.

A 2002 POLARIS Southern Ontario Magnetotelluric Survey involved long-period MT data collection at 11 sites from a large two-dimensional array in southern Ontario by I. Ferguson, X. Ma, A.G. Jones, J. Wenham J. Spratt and S. Evans. Most of the MT sites were located at or near POLARIS seismic sites giving an average site spacing of around 100 km.

In order to initiate the POLARIS GIC study in Manitoba X. Ma and I. Ferguson reviewed the large-scale variation in magnetotelluric (MT) impedance across a 600 x 1000 km region of Manitoba. In this region strong variations of impedance with location, period, and azimuth occur.

3.3. Mining-scale studies

3.3.1 Developments in AMT methodology

Alan G. Jones (Geological Survey of Canada)

Xavier Garcia (formerly Geological Survey of Canada, now at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Under joint industry-GSC funding, with industry partners Geosystem Canada, Inco, Phoenix Geophysics, a number of aspects pertaining to developing AMT methodology for mining-scale studies. Source field morphology was investigated, and it was concluded that the magnetic fields in the AMT dead band of 5 kHz to 1 kHz are one to two orders of magnitude below coil noise level during the daytime (Garcia and Jones, 2002). To address this, a telluric-magnetotelluric methodology is proposed (Garcia and Jones, 2000), and also wavelet methods have been investigated (Garcia and Jones, 2000).

An industry dataset was re-analysed and re-modelled using modern methods, and it was demonstrated that a large anomaly conjectured to exist beneath the region was, in fact, a consequence of the interaction between regional currents and a small ore body (Garcia and Jones, 2003).

3.3.2 Precise 3-D modelling of a realistic ore body

Pilar Queralt (University of Barcelona)

Alan G. Jones (Geological Survey of Canada)

Juanjo Ledo (formerly Geological Survey of Canada, now at University of Barcelona)

A complex 3-D numerical model has been constructed of the Bathurst #12 deposit. This model permits studies of appropriate survey design and also the development of down-mine AMT technologies (Queralt et al., 2002).

3.3.3 Oilsands Exploration

Richard Kellett (Komex International Ltd.)

Virginia Maris (Komex International Ltd.)

The Athabasca oilsands contain over 200 billion m3 of oil in the form of bitumen. Geophysical methods including borehole logging and seismic reflection surveying have been the mainstay of exploration programs for both the shallow (< 50 m) and the deeper (> 150 m) deposits. In the last 10 years geophysical methods such as transient electromagnetics, airborne magnetics, and DC resistivity have been tested on the oilsand leases. In a recent program, approximately 20 line-km of 2D electrical imaging data were collected to map the oilsand channels. The bitumen-rich McMurray Formation is electrically resistive, while the overlying Clearwater shales, and underlying Devonian marls and limestones are conductive. A combined interpretation of DC-resistivity surveys, existing borehole logs, seismic, and transient electromagnetics (airborne and ground) is an effective way of improving the geological models for oilsand prospects. Tests are currently underway mapping steam chambers with the non-seismic geophysical data.

3.3.4 Kimberlite Exploration

Richard Kellett (Komex International Ltd.)

Gilein Steensma (Komex International Ltd.)

Bob Rysiuk (New Claymore Resources Ltd.)

Reg Olson (Alberta Geological Survey)

The potential of the Archean and Proterozoic crust, beneath the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, to be a source of diamondiferous kimberlites was recognized almost immediately after the discovery of the Lac de Gras kimberlites in the Northwest Territories. To date over 40 kimberlites have been discovered in the sedimentary basins of Alberta and Saskatchewan. The Mountain Lake Intrusion in western Alberta is an important discovery because of its location, its level of exposure, and the large quality of data available. Geophysical methods are an important component in kimberlite exploration on the shield and are even more important for exploration in a sedimentary basin setting. These geophysical data available from the oil and gas exploration in the area include geophysical logs, regional airborne magnetics, seismic reflection, and land-based gravity surveys. Geophysical data collected by the kimberlite exploration groups included VLF, Airborne TEM, high-resolution airborne magnetics, ground HLEM and magnetics, DC resistivity, and high-resolution seismic. These data have been compiled to provide a unique image of a Prairie kimberlite.

3.4. Shallow geological, environmental, and geotechnical surveys using EM.

3.4.1 EM & GPR for groundwater and contaminant plumes

Ian J. Ferguson (University of Manitoba)

I. Ferguson and students have investigated saline contamination of soil and groundwater resulting from oil production using EM and GPR to image contaminant plumes. V. Maris examined factors controlling shallow groundwater flow in glacio-lacustrine clays during studies of gypsum deposits and showed that TEM, DC resistivity, and terrane conductivity EM systems resolved topography on an interface between laminated clays containing a basal aquifer and an underlying unit of massive clays. The EM methods also defined sub-surface structure of palaeo-iceberg scours. In a larger-scale groundwater study by X. Wu, V. Maris, I. Ferguson, and G. Lodha the TEM method was applied to investigate the interface, at 200-500 m depth, between fresh and saline groundwater in granitic rocks of the Precambrian shield. We have also applied EM methods in studies of other near-surface targets: TEM and other geophysical methods were used in the investigation of a palaeokarst-hosted kaolinite deposit; EM and GPR were applied in the investigation the winter dens of red-sided garter snakes; GPR was used to define the shallow stratigraphy of an esker-delta complex in southern Manitoba; and EM methods have been used to image the structure of abandoned gold mine tailings in eastern Manitoba.

3.4.2 Groundwater Exploration

3.4.2.1 Malawi

Richard Kellett (Komex International Ltd.)

Jim Anscombe (ANSCO Groundwater)

Philip Hankin (GITEC Consult GmbH)

A total of 250 boreholes were sited in the East Mangochi District of Malawi, using a unique combination of borehole geophysics, Horizontal Loop EM, and DC electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). 388 line-kilometers of HLEM, 22 line-kilometers of ERT, and 23 borehole logs were collected in a three month program in 1999. These data have been processed and interpreted in conjunction with previous hydrogeological reports, and satellite and airphoto interpretations, to produce over 480 targets for low yield village hand pumps. Such a detailed geophysical survey was considered necessary in the region because of the highly irregular distribution of aquifers and the low success rate of past drilling programs. The HLEM surveys proved to be the most efficient in terms of rapid surveying, but the ERT sections were essential for resolving ambiguities in the HLEM response of lateral and vertical resistivity changes. Water saturated deep weathering zones, and vertical fracture sets were the most commonly mapped targets. Resistivity sections across these features accurately mapped the depth to unweathered bedrock, the presence of a saprock layer, and the thickness of the shallow laterite. Drilling was completed on the project in 2002 with a final success rate of 86 %, well above the typical rate of 50 % typically achieved using surficial mapping alone.

3.4.2.1 Brazil

Richard Kellett (Komex International Ltd.)

Gilein Steensma (Komex International Ltd.)

Yvon Maurice (GSC)

Geophysical investigations were carried out in three states in NE Brazil (Pernambuco, Ceara, and Rio Grande do Norte) to map groundwater resources in fractured igneous bedrock. The geophysical investigations are part of a Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) funded project designed to transfer technology to Brazilian government agencies and the private sector. The program consisted of a two-day short course in groundwater geophysics and trial surveys in the three states using a HLEM system in 2000. The ground geophysical data were used to design an airborne EM survey, flown in 2001. A total of three test areas were flown with the Aerodat 5 frequency HEM system and the data were processed to map conductive fracture systems, most likely to contain potable groundwater.

3.4.3 Permafrost Mapping

Richard Kellett (Komex International Ltd.)

Andrew Hinnell (University of Arizona)

Greg Hodges (Fugro Airborne)

Jeff Gamey (ONRL)

The surficial geology in Arctic and Sub-arctic regions typically includes a thin layer of muskeg, silt, or sand over shallow sedimentary, metamorphic, or igneous bedrock. Permafrost is present as either a continuous or discontinuous layer with a thin, seasonally active layer. Terrain conductivity surveys showed the seasonal development of an active (unfrozen) zone of highly variable depth. Electrical resistivity surveys produced cross-sections of the subsurface down to depths of 30 m, that showed the presence of permafrost lenses and taliks (wedges of thawed overburden). Borehole geophysical logs in shallow drill holes (<10 m) were used to confirm the depth extent of a conductive active layer, while logs from deeper holes mapped the top of bedrock and the base of the permafrost. Airborne magnetic and electromagnetic (EM) surveys were used to provide a complete coverage of the region ( 50 km2 ) at a reconnaissance level. Inversion of the airborne EM data produced a regional model of a resistive permafrost layer (0 - 60 m thick) sandwiched between a conductive surface layer and a conductive bedrock.

3.5. Other studies

3.5.1 Magnetotelluric studies in Western Canada

Martyn Unsworth, Wolfgang Soyer (University of Alberta)

With funding from the Canadian Foundation for Innovation, the government of Alberta and the University of Alberta, I am developing a pool of modern MT instrumentation. In summer 2002 we purchased 2 Phoenix V5 2000 systems and these were used in an initial survey in the Rocky Mountain Foothills. The models image the structure of the fold and thrust belt in an area of continued hydrocarbon exploration and production. In 2003 we plan to acquire 15 long-period instruments. These will be used to collect long period MT data on a series transects across the Canadian Cordillera. These will complement the many broadband MT sounding collected in this orogen since the 1970's, and give constraints on upper mantle conductivity.

3.5.2 Magnetotelluric studies in the Athabasca Basin

Jim Craven (Geological Survey of Canada) and the Extech IV team

With funding provided by the GSC industrial partners 167 AMT sites have been acquired in two areas of northern Saskatchewan, Canada. The data were collected to study the ability of modern AMT software and hardware to 1) determine the location of basement graphitic conductors commonly associated with the larger uranium deposits in the Basin, 2) porosity and silicification variation in the overly sediments, and 3 basement uplifts providing conduits for mineralized fluid flow. The data are being analuyzed using borehole resistivity logs obtained to basement depths in the area. The analysis so far indicates AMT is a useful tool for imaging the target subsurface features.

3.5.3 Central Baffin Island

Alan G. Jones, John Katsube (Geological Survey of Canada)

Shane Evans (Queen's University)

Jessica Spratt (formerly Geological Survey of Canada, now at Syracuse University)

MT studies on central Baffin Island, as part of the multidisciplinary Central Baffin project, have imaged the crustal geometry of a particular marker horizon, the graphitic-sulphidic Astarte River formation (Evans et al., 2003).

3.5.4 Carpentaria Conductivity Anomaly

Ian J. Ferguson (University of Manitoba)

I. Ferguson collaborated in a study lead by F.E.M. Lilley involving the reduction, analysis and interpretation of data from MT sites crossing the Carpentaria Conductivity Anomaly of western Queensland, Australia.

3.5.5 Tibet

Alan G. Jones (Geological Survey of Canada)

Martyn Unsworth (University of Alberta)

Doug Nelson (deceased), Kurt Solon, Jessica Spratt (University of Syracuse)

J.R. Booker (University of Washinton)

Wei Wenbo, Tan Handong (China University of Geoscience, Beijing)

Since 1995 the INDEPTH project has collected broadband MT data at 200 locations across Tibet, with long period MT data recorded at 105 of these locations. The final field campaign was in 2001 and we are presently completing the analysis of the data. A summary of the project was described by Wei et al (2001) and showed that the MT image a zone of crustal high conductivity across the entire north south extent of the Tibetan plateau. I have also been using commercial MT data to study the tectonics of the northern Tibetan plateau (Bedrosian et al, 2001).

3.5.6 Chicxulub Impact Structure

Martyn J. Unsworth (University of Alberta)

Oscar Campos, Jorge Arzate

Broadband data was collected on two radial profiles in the southeast quadrant of the Chicxulub Impact Structure in Mexico in 2001 with funding from the United States NSF while I was still employed at the University of Washington. The analysis of these data in ongoing, and has revealed that despite the conductive Tertiary fill, some structure can be imaged in the basement rocks. These profiles are being combined with data collected by Jorge Arzate to develop a 3-D geoelectric model of the impact structure. The initial results of the 2001 fieldwork are described by Unsworth et al. (2002).

3.6. Developments of EM methodology

3.6.1 MT distortion decomposition

Alan G. Jones (Geological Survey of Canada)

Gary McNeice (Geosystem Canada)

Xavier Garcia (formerly Geological Survey of Canada, now at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

MT tensor distortion decomposition was advanced in both 2-D and 3-D. McNeice and Jones (2001) presented a multi-frequency, multi-site decomposition code, based on the Groom-Bailey approach, for solving galvanic distortions at a number of sites over a regional 2-D Earth. Garcia and Jones (2001) proposed an approach for dealing with distortions over a 3-D Earth, particularly of relevance to the mineral exploration community.

3.6.2 Dimensionality effects

Alan G. Jones (Geological Survey of Canada)

Juanjo Ledo (formerly Geological Survey of Canada, now at University of Barcelona)

Pilar Queralt (University of Barcelona)

Studies of the dimensionality effects in MT data have been undertaken using 2-D inversions of 3-D structures. These studies demonstrate that using appropriate approaches one can identify which parts of the dataset can be validly interpreted in a 2-D manner to yield reasonably accurate models of the subsurface.

3.6.3 MT tensor invariants

Dr. J. T. Weaver (retired), Dr. A. K. Agarwal (University of Victoria)

Weaver and Agarwal have continued to investigate the invariant properties of the magnetotelluric tensor. Consideration of a new 'phase tensor' introduced by Caldwell, Bibby and Brown at the 16th Workshop on Electromagnetic Induction in the Earth, held in Santa Fe in 2002, has shed new insight on the seven independent invariants previously introduced by the authors. The conditions previously developed for classifying the MT tensor as being consistent with a 1D, 2D or 3D earth, whether or not near-surface galvanic distortion is present, have been confirmed and simplified. Work in this area is continuing.

3.6.4 Forward and inverse modelling

3.6.4.1 UBC

Doug Oldenburg, Colin G. Farquharson, E. Haber, J. Chen, L. Pasion, (University of British Columbia)

Recent electromagnetic research at the UBC--Geophysical Inversion Facility has centred on the development of forward modelling and inversion of 3-D electromagnetic data. The forward modelling is done using scalar and vector potentials and the equations are discretized using a finite volume technique. Large variations in electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability are accomodated. The inverse problem is solved either with a Gauss-Newton technique, or a new all-at-once methodology in which the conductivies, field values and Lagrange multipliers are obtained. Data from controlled sources and from natural sources (MT) can be inverted. Time domain data are generated by discretizing Maxwell's equations using a Backward Euler formulation in time and the same spatial discretization as in the frequency domain model. Direct solution in time allows data at early times to be recovered. At low frequencies, when induction is no longer important, we have have developed solutions for the DC problem. We can now forward model and invert magnetic and electric field data from DC currents. The ability to invert MMR (magnetometric resistivity) has applications for mineral exploration and upper crustal studies in ocean surveys. Other EM-related research at UBC-GIF includes the development of algorithms to model and invert MIP (magnetic IP) data, inversion of time domain data to locate unexploded ordnance (UXO) and to discriminate between ordnance and non-ordnance items, and the rapid interpretation of airborne EM data using moment transforms and the resistive/inductive.

3.6.4.2 Geoalgorithms

Peter Walker (Geoalgorithms)

Peter Walker has developed inductive limit modelling software for modelling the response of complicated thin sheets (i.e. realistic ore deposits), which may contain perforations and / or holes (i.e. faults and intrusions). Also, with Yves Lamontagne, development of MultiLoop 3 modelling software based on a time stepping approach. MultiLoop3 is able to handle complicated thin sheet shapes, including the effect of junctions and holes. Also, Walker is undertaking development of a new helicopter frequency domain system capable of high spectral sampling densities which will be test flown on July, 2003. The helicopter development was funded in part by a grant from OMET program for Ontario Mineral Exploration Technologies.

6.5 Multigrid methods for DC resistivity modelling

R.C. Bailey and R. Moucha (University of Toronto)

A robust algorithm has been developed using a multilevel approach for the inverse resistivity problem in which approximate solutions for both the forward and inverse problems are obtained on a coarse grid and gradually refined until a desired fine grid is reached. The inverse portion of this algorithm utilizes the regularized iterative damped least-squares method that is solved with a bi-conjugate gradient method. Because accurate solutions are first obtained on coarse grids, only a small number of inversions are required on the finer grid to validate the solution. In addition to a substantial speed-up over a single grid inversion method, the multilevel inversion method distributes the model over a greater depth range, without coercion by weight functions. This gives more realistic solutions to the inverse problem than the unweighted single grid inversion method, which tends to concentrate the solution near the surface.

The method has been adapted to provide more accurate solutions for the representation of arbitrary distributions of electrical conductivity and very high conductivity contrasts. In general, conventional rectangular finite-difference or five-point approximations of Poisson's equation cannot represent, at a course grid level, the effective anisotropy on a coarse scale which results from fine structure in the model. Additional and similarly generated problems arise when a coarse cell is obliged to represent fine structure containing very high conductivity contrasts. We have developed an adaptation of the usual resistive-network representation of the continuum, by replacing the usual five-point Laplacian operator stencil used on the finite difference grid with a nine-point stencil, and the conductivity scalar with a 6-parameter conductivity parameterization. The parameterization permits representation of arbitrarily oriented anisotropy as well as more complex behaviour related to high conductivity contrasts.

3.7. Electrical rock properties

Jon Katsube (Geological Survey of Canada)

3.7.1 Electrical Characterization for Energy Exploration

Studies on the electrical characteristics of shales are playing an important role in the development of shale pore-structure models for use in downhole logging interpretation in preventing the $Billion Disaster Hazards due to overpressures during deep sea drilling (e.g., Bower and Katsube, 2002). Studies on the electrical characteristics of mudstones are also contributing to the understanding of gas-hydrate accumulation mechanisms (e.g., Katsube et al., 1999).

3.7.2 Electrical Characterization for Military Applications

Studies of electrical characteristics of soils are being carried out for developing advanced techniques in landmine detection technology for areas in the world where serious landmine detection problems are experienced (Katsube et al., 2002). Some estimates indicate that it will take more than 1000 years to clear the more than 100 million mines in the world using current day technology.

3.7.3 Electrical Characterization of Rocks for Electrical Mechanism Studies

Studies of electrical characteristics of various rocks are being carried out to understand the electrical mechanisms involved in electrical anisotropy, conduction due to graphite and other metallic minerals.

3.7.4 Electrical Characterization for Mining Exploration

Results of the electrical mechanism studies are being used to develop gold exploration strategies in Northern Canada (Yellowknife Mining District, North West Territories), involving Surface EM, Induced Polarization and resistivity surveys. The same type of results have been used in relationship to EM surveys in Eastern Canada (Bathurst, New Bruinswick).

3.8. Marine Electromagnetic Studies

Nigel Edwards, Katrin Schwalenberg, Jian Yuan, Ele Willoughby (University of Toronto)

3.8.1 Mantle Conductivity Structure below the Mariana Island Arc

Katrin Schwalenberg, Nigel R. Edwards

In October 2001 we were invited to participate in a Japanese pilot cruise to the Mariana Region. 10 long period OBEM (Ocean Bottom ElectroMagnetic) systems have been deployed along an EW profile covering the Backarc Basins, the Mariana Trough, the Mariana Island Arc, the Forearc and the trench. The studies were focused on the deeper conductivity structure of the subduction system. Also 10 OBS (Ocean Bottom Seismometer) systems have been deployed to monitor the seismicity in the region. 5 OBEM systems have been recovered so far. First modeling results show a conductive mantle below the Mariana Trough - an active spreading center, and a shallow crustal region of enhanced conductivity below the Marina Island Arc. Further studies are scheduled in an international framework to investigate the area in more detail. At this point we contribute sensitivity and resolution studies to increase the reliability of the modeling process. Further, we investigate the effect of topographic distortion to the result.

3.8.2 An analytic formulation for seafloor topography

Katrin Schwalenberg, Nigel R. Edwards

In the first half of 2002 we were working on an analytic approach to describe the behavior of magnetotelluric fields on a topographic seafloor. Some approaches exist which deal with the problem on land. So far, no such solution exist which deals with the situation on the seafloor. However, on the seafloor the conductive sea layer must be taken into account which makes the underlying maths somewhat tiring. In our formulation we use modified Bessel functions to solve the Helmholtz equation for a harmonic interface. The derived algorithm provides almost exact solutions that give useful insight in the field behavior on an undulated seafloor. Also current stream lines have been derived from our approach which impressively image electric field behavior inside the model. A paper has been submitted to GJI in December 2002.

3.8.3 Controlled Source Electromagnetic Sounding of the Seafloor to Evaluate Gas Hydrates

N. Edwards, J. Yuan, K. Schwalenberg and E.C. Willoughby

Solid methane hydrate has been found in shallow sediment in water depths exceeding about 500 m mainly beneath convergent, seismically active continental margins. Estimates of the amount of hydrocarbons present there exceed the total in conventional oil, gas and coal deposits. Methane is also a greenhouse gas and its release into the atmosphere could be precipitated by major tectonic activity. Hydrate also represents a potential geo-hazard. The base of the hydrate layer is observed on a conventional seismic reflection section as an event called the Bottom Simulating Reflector (BSR). Seismic methods cannot determine directly the volume of hydrate above the BSR. Hydrate changes the physical properties of sediment. The electrical conductivity is decreased through the displacement of conductive, ionic pore fluid, by insulating solid hydrate. The towed seafloor transient electric dipole-dipole method is used to estimate the integrated electrical conductance of a hydrated zone and infer the mass of hydrate present. The principle of operation is very simple. If two antennae are located on the seafloor and an electromagnetic disturbance is created near the transmitter, then the time taken for the disturbance to diffuse to the second antenna, called the receiver, is related to the electrical conductivity structure, and by inference the hydrate content of the subjacent sediment. The times are typically of the order of fractions of a second. We have shown that these data are sensitive to the average or total hydrate content in the zone. This is an extremely important result. It indicates that measurements at just a few well-chosen locations, including the centre and margins of a deposit are sufficient to characterise the total mass of hydrate in the zone.

We have studied an area off the west coast of Vancouver Island in water depths from 1000 to 1300 meters in the vicinity of ODP drillhole 889B, an area established as an offshore test area where many complementary geophysical experiments are being carried out including ocean drilling. The hydrate target is revealed in borehole resistivity logs, as a layer 50-100 m thick, 200-300 m below the seafloor. The array was towed over the three lines and data were collected at separations between transmitter and receiver from 80 to 300m. The eel was hung vertically from time to time to calibrate the measured seafloor data against the known response of seawater. Estimates of seafloor resistivity are obtained by matching models having a range of different total hydrate content distributed vertically according to the profile measured in hole 889B. The best model fitting data collected at separations of 377 m and 493 m has an average hydrate concentration in the 100 m interval above the BSR at about 30% of the available pore space. The porosity there is around 0.5, so the concentration of the area is 9-13% of sediment volume. The corresponding solid hydrate volume within the 10 square kilometre survey area is 130 million cubic meters. With a solid to gas ratio of 164:1, we obtain a methane gas volume at STP of 21 billion cubic meters. The energy contained is equivalent to 6 years of electricity consumption in Canada.

The Chilean project `Submarine Gas Hydrates: A new energy source for the XXI century' was funded to investigate gas hydrate deposits which have been identified off the coast of Chile. It is a collaborative project between the Catholic University of Valparaiso and the Chilean Navy, and several foreign universities specialising in marine science, including Aarhus University (Denmark), Bergen University (Norway), Bremen University (Germany), Kiel University (Germany), Louisiana State University (USA), Texas University at Austin (USA), the University of Tokyo (Japan) and the University of Toronto (Canada). The initial geophysical effort includes conventional reflection seismic, seafloor seismic, seismicity, heat flow, gravity and magnetic surveys. We have been invited to participate in this project and in March 2003 we joined a 20 day research cruise from Valparaiso to Concepcion (31º-34º S). We applied the ship-towed transient dipole-dipole method with transmitter-receiver separation of 250 and 350m, respectively, and collected data along 5 profiles with almost 100% high quality data recovery. Data processing and interpretation is ongoing.

3.9. Publications

3.9.1 Papers in refereed journals

Agarwal, A. K. & Weaver, J. T., 2000. Magnetic distortion of the magnetotelluric tensor: a numerical study, Earth Planets Space, 52, 347-353.

Aruliah, D., Ascher, U., Haber, E., Oldenburg, D.W., 2001, A method for the forward modelling of 3D electromagnetic quasi-static problems, Math Modelling Applied Sciences, 11, 1 - 21.

Bedrosian, P.A., M.J. Unsworth and F. Wang, Structure of the Altyn Tagh Fault and Daxue Shan from magnetotelluric surveys: implications for faulting associated with the rise of the Tibetan Plateau, Tectonics, 20, 474-486, 2001.

Bonham-Carter, G.F. and Katsube, T.J., 2002, Solving nonlinear equations for a model of electrical resistance in layered mineralized rocks: The Proceedings of 8th Annual Conference of the International Association for Mathematical Geology (IAMG), 15-20 September 2002, Berlin, Germany, Vol.1-Terra Nostra, 349-354.

Bowers, G.L., and Katsube, T.J., 2002, The role of shale pore-structure on the sensitivity of wireline logs to overpressure: in A.R. Huffman and G.L. Bowers, eds., Pressure regimes in sedimentary basins and their prediction; AAPG Memoir, 76, 43-60.

Chen, J., Haber, E., and Oldenburg, D.W., 2002. Three-dimensional numerical modelling and inversion of magnetometric resistivity data, Geophys. J. Int. 149, 679--697.

Davis, W.J., A.G. Jones, W. Bleeker and H. Grütter, 2003. Lithospheric development in the Slave Craton: a linked crustal and mantle perspective. Lithos, in press.

Farquharson, C.G. and Oldenburg, D.W., 1999, Approximate Sensitivities for the multi-dimensional electromagnetic inverse problem, in Three-Dimensional Electromagnetics, M.L. Oristaglio and B.R. Spies (eds), Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 256-264.

Farquharson, C.G. and Oldenburg, D.W., 2002. An integral-equation solution to the geophysical electromagnetic forward-modelling problem. In Three-Dimensional Electromagnetics: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium, M.S. Zhdanov and P.E. Wannamaker (eds), Elsevier, 3-19.

Farquharson, C.G., and Oldenburg, D.W., 2003, A comparison of L-curve and GCV techniques for estimating the regularization parameter in nonlinear inverse problems. Geophysical Journal International, accepted.

Farquharson, C.G., Oldenburg, D.W., and Routh, P.S., 2003. Simultaneous one-dimensional inversion of loop-loop electromagnetic data for magnetic susceptibility and electrical conductivity. Geophysics, accepted.

Farquharson, C.G., Oldenburg, D.W., and Li, Y., 1999, An approximate inversion algorithm for time-domain electromagnetic surveys, J. Applied Geophys., 42, 71-80.

Ferguson, I.J., Jones, A.G., Yu Sheng, Wu, X., & Shiozaki, I., 1999. Geoelectric response and crustal electrical-conductivity structure of the Flin Flon Belt, Trans-Hudson Orogen, Canada, Can J. Earth Sci., 36, 1917-1938.

Garcia, X. and A.G. Jones, 2001. Decomposition of three-dimensional magnetotelluric data. In: Three-Dimensional Electromagnetics, edited by M.S. Zhdanov and P.E. Wannamaker, Elsevier, Methods in Geochemistry and Geophysics, vol. 35, ISBN 0 444 50429 X, 235-250.

Garcia, X. and A.G. Jones, 2002. Atmospheric sources for audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) sounding. Geophysics, 67, 448-458.

Haber, E., and Ascher, U., 2001, Preconditioned all-at-once methods for large, sparse parameter estimation problems, Inverse Problems, 17, 1847-1864.

Haber, E., Ascher, U., Aruliah, D., and Oldenburg, D.W., 2000, Fast modelling of 3D electromagnetic problems using potentials, J. of Comp. Phys. 163, 150-171.

Haber, E., Ascher, U., and Oldenburg, D.W., 2000, On optimization techniques for solving nonlinear inverse problems, Inverse Problems, 16, 1263-1280.

Haber, E., Ascher, U., and Oldenburg, D.W., 2003, Inversion of 3D electromagnetic data in frequency and time using an inexact all-at-once approach. Geophysics, accepted.

Haber, E., and Oldenburg, D.W., 2000, A GCV based method for nonlinear ill-posed problems, Computational Geosciences, 4, 41-63.

Jones, A.G., 1999. Imaging the continental upper mantle using electromagnetic methods. Lithos, 48, 57?80.

Jones, A.G. & Ferguson, I.J., 2001. The electric Moho. Nature, 409, 331-333.

Jones, A.G. Ferguson, I.J., Chave, A.D., Evans, R.L., & McNeice, G.W., 2001. The electric lithosphere of the Slave craton. Geology, 29, 423-426.

Jones, A.G. and X. Garcia, 2003. The Okak Bay MT dataset case study: a lesson in dimensionality and scale. Geophysics, 68, 70-91.

Jones, A.G., Lezaeta, P., Ferguson, I.J., Chave, A.D., Evans, R.L., Garcia, X., Spratt, J. The electrical structure of the Slave craton, LITHOS, in press.

Jones, A.G., D. Snyder, S. Hanmer, I. Asudeh, D. White, D. Eaton and G. Clarke, 2002. Magnetotelluric and teleseismic study across the Snowbird Tectonic Zone, Canadian Shield: A Neoarchean mantle suture? Geophysical Research Letters, 29 (10), doi: 10.1029/2002GL015359, 10-1 - 10-4.

Jones, A.G. and J. Spratt, 2002. A simple method for deriving the uniform field MT responses in auroral zones. Earth, Planets and Space, 54, 443-450.

Jones, F.W., R. A. Munro, J. A. Craven, D. E. Boerner, R. D. Kurtz, and R. D. Sydora, 2002, Regional Geoelectrical Complexity of the Western Canada Basin from Magnetotelluric Tensor Invariants, Earth Planets Space, Vol. 54, pp. 899-905.

Katsube, T.J., Klassen, R.A., Das, Y., Benn, K., Best, M.E., and Ernst, R., 2002, Electromagnetic characteristics of Cambodian soil: Implications for landmine detection in soil containing ferromagnetic minerals: The Proceedings of SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering), Detection and Remediation Technologies for Minelike Targets VII (ed: J.T. Broach,R.S. Heramon, G.J. Dobeck) SPIE Vol. 4742 (2002), 821-835.

Katsube, T.J., Klassen, R.A., Das, Y., Ernst, R., Calvert, T., Cross, G., Hunter, J., K., Best, M.E., DiLabio, R., and Connell, S., in press, Prediction and validation of soil electromagnetic characteristics for application in landmine detection: The Proceedings of SPIE (The International Society for Optical Engineering), Detection and Remediation Technologies for Minelike Targets, April 21-25, 2003.

Ledo, J., and A.G. Jones, 2001. Regional electrical resistivity structure of the southern Canadian Cordillera and its physical interpretation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 30,775-30,769.

Ledo, J., Jones, A.G., Ferguson, I.J. 2002. Electromagnetic images of a strike-slip fault: the Tintina Fault - northern Canadian Cordillera, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, doi: 10.1029/2001GL013408.

Ledo, J., P. Queralt, A. Marti and A.G. Jones, 2002. Two-dimensional interpretation of 3-D magnetotelluric data: an example of limitations and resolution. Geophysical Journal International 150, 127-139.

Li, S., M.J. Unsworth, J.R. Booker, W. Wei, H. Tan and A.G. Jones, 2003. Partial melt or aqueous fluid in the mid-crust of southern Tibet? Constraints from INDEPTH magnetotelluric data. Geophysical Journal International, 153, 289-304.

Li Y., and Oldenburg D.W., 2000, Incorporating geologic dip information into geophysical inversions, Geophysics, 65, 148-157.

Li Y., and Oldenburg D.W., 2000, 3D inversion of induced polarization data, Geophysics, 65, 1931-1945.

Li Y., and Oldenburg D.W., 2000, Joint inversion of surface and three-component borehole magnetic data, Geophysics, 65, 540-552.

Li, Y., and Oldenburg, D.W., 2001, Stable reduction to the pole at the magnetic equator. Geophysics, 66, 571-578.

Li, Y., and Oldenburg, D.W., 2003. Fast inversion of large-scale magnetic data using wavelet transforms and a logarithmic barrier method, Geophysical Journal International, 152, 251--265.

Lilley F.E.M., Wang L.J., Chamalaun F.H. & Ferguson I.J. 2002. The Carpentaria Electrical Conductivity Anomaly, Queensland, as a major structure in the Australian Plate. In: Hillis R. and Muller D. eds. Evolution and Dynamics of the Australian Plate, Special Publication, Geological Society of Australia, (in press).

McNeice, G. and A.G. Jones, 2001. Multisite, multifrequency tensor decomposition of magnetotelluric data. Geophysics, 66, 158-173.

Oldenburg D.W., and Li Y., 1999, Estimating Depth of Investigation in DC resistivity and IP Surveys, Geophysics, 64, 403-416.

Pasion, L., and Oldenburg, D.W., 2001, A discrimination algorithm for UXO Using Time Domain Electromagnetic Induction", Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 6, 91-102.

Percival, J.A., S.B. Lucas, A.G. Jones, C. Beaumont, D. Eaton and T. Rivers, 1999. How will Lithoprobe's final chapter be written?. Geoscience Canada, 26, 27-31.

Phillips, N., Oldenburg, D.W., Chen, J., Li, Y., and Routh, P., 2001. Cost effectiveness of geophysical inversions in mineral exploration: Applications at San Nicolas", The Leading Edge, 20, 1351.

Routh, P.S., and Oldenburg, D.W. 1999, Inversion of controlled source audio magnetotelluric data for a horizontally layered earth, Geophysics, 64, 1689-1697.

Routh, P.S., and Oldenburg, D.W., 2001, Electromagnetic coupling in frequency-domain induced polarization: a method for removal, Geophy. J. Int. 145, 59-76.

Schwalenberg, K. and R.N. Edwards, 2002. The effect of seafloor topography: An analytic formulation for magnetotelluric fields in presence of a harmonic, Geophysical Journal International, (in review).

Unsworth, M.J., O.C. Campos-Enriquez, S. Belmonte, P.A. Bedrosian and J. Arzate, Crustal structure of the Chicxulub Impact Crater imaged with magnetotelluric exploration, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2002GL014998, 2002.

Weaver, J.T., Agarwal, A.K. & Lilley, F.E.M., 2000. Characterization of the magnetotelluric tensor in terms of its invariants, Geophys. J. Int., 141, 321-336.

Wei, W., Unsworth, M., Jones, A.G., Booker, J., Tan, H., Nelson, D., Chen, L., Li, S., Solon, K., Bedrosian, P., Jin, S., Deng, M., Ledo, J., Kay, D. and Roberts, B., 2001. Detection of widespread fluids in the Tibetan crust by magnetotelluric studies. Science, 292, 716-718.

White, D.J., A.G. Jones, S.B. Lucas and Z. Hajnal, 1999. Tectonic evolution of the Superior Boundary Zone from coincident seismic reflection and magnetotelluric profiles. Tectonics, 18, 430-451.

Wu, X., Ferguson, I.J., & Jones, A.G., 2002. Magnetotelluric response and geoelectric structure of the Great Slave Lake Shear Zone. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 196, 35-50.

Yuan, J. and R.N. Edwards, 2000. The assessment of marine gas hydrate through electrical remote sounding: Hydrate without a BSR?, Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 2397-2400.

Zhang Z., and Oldenburg D.W. 1999, Simultaneous reconstruction of 1D susceptibility and conductivity from EM data, Geophysics, 64, 33-47.

Zhang, Z., Routh, P.S., Oldenburg, D.W., Alumbaugh D.L., and Newman G.Q., 2000, Reconstruction of 1D conductivity from dual-loop EM data, Geophysics, 65, 492-501.

3.9.2 Other Refereed Material

Maris, V.G. & Ferguson, I.J., 2000. Geophysical imaging of palaeokarst features and a kaolinite deposit at Sylvan, Manitoba, Canada, Proceedings of SAGEEP Arlington, February 2000, 1047-1056.

Maris, V.G. & Ferguson, I.J., 2000. Electromagnetic and ground penetrating radar imaging of a red-sided garter snake hibernaculum at Narcisse, Manitoba, Canada. Proceedings of SAGEEP, Arlington, February 2000, 999-1008.

Young, J., Chow, N., Maris, V., McDonald, D., Benson, D., Halden, N., & Matile, G., 2000. Gypsum rosettes in southern Manitoba, GeoCanada 2000 Meeting, Calgary, June 2000.

3.9.3 Government Reports

Connell, S., Hunt, P., and Katsube, T. J., 2000, Electrical mechanism of sericite schists from Giant and Con Mine areas, Northwest Territories: Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 2000-E10, 7p.

Connell, S., Katsube, T.J., and Hunt, P.A., 1999, Textural characteristics of low to high resistivity, low anisotropy volcanic tuffs, Bathurt Mining Camp, New Brunswick: GSC Current Research, 1999-E, Geological Survey of Canada, 175-181.

Connell, S., Katsube, T.J., and Hunt, P.A., 1999, Textural characteristics of moderate to strongly foliated volcanic tuffs that display high resistivity and anisotropy values, Bathurt Mining Camp, New Brunswick: GSC Current Research, 1999-E, Geological Survey of Canada, 183-188.

Connell, S., Katsube, T.J., and Hunt, P.A., 1999, Textural characteristics of low to high resistivity sedimentary rocks, Bathurt Mining Camp, New Brunswick: GSC Current Research, 1999-E, Geological Survey of Canada, 189-194.

Connell, S., Katsube, T. J. Hunt, P.,and Kerswill, J., 2001, Electrical mechanism Of mineralized rocks from Giant And Con Mine Areas, Northwest Territories: Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 2001-C2; 10p.

Connell, S., Katsube, T.J., Hunt, P.A., and Walker, D., 1999, Textural characteristics of rocks that display significant electrical anisotropy: GSC Current Research, 99-D, Geological Survey of Canada, 9-15.

Connell, S., Katsube, T. J. and Scromeda, N., 2000, Electrical resistivity stability characteristics of water used to saturate rocks from Giant And Con Mines, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories: Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 2000-E11, 7p.

Connell, S., and Scromeda-Perez, N. , 2002, Electrical conductivity mechanism of sericite schist from Gold Lake area of the Yellowknife mining district, Northwest Territories:Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 2002-C5, 6p.

Connell, S., Scromeda, N, Katsube, T. J. and Mwenifumbo, J., 2000, Electrical resistivity characteristics of mineralized and unmineralized rocks from the Giant and Con mine areas, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories: Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 2000-E9, 7p.

Craven, J.A., Boerner D.E., Kurtz R.D., Skulski, T., Spratt, J., Ferguson, I.J., Wu, X., and Bailey, R.C., 2001, Conductivity of Western Superior Upper Mantle in Northwestern Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2001-E6, 1-6.

Craven, J.A., Kurtz, R.D., Boerner, D.E., Skulski, T., Spratt, J., Ferguson, I.J., Wu, X., & Bailey, R.C., 2001. Conductivity of Western Superior upper mantle in northwestern Ontario, Current Research, 2001, Geological Survey of Canada.

Craven, J.A., McNeice, G.M., Wood, G., Powell, B., Koch, R., Annesley, I.R., and Mwenifumbo, J., 2001, Magnetotelluric Investigation at McArthur River, A Preliminary Look at the Data.in Summary of Investigations 2001, Volume 2, Saskatchewan Geological Survey, Sask.Energy and Mines Misc Report, 2001-4.2.

Craven, J.A., McNeice, G., Powell, B., Koch, R., Annesley, I., Wood, G., and Mwenifumbo, J. (2002): EXTECH IV Sub-project 9T: A 3-D Audio-Magnetotelluric Survey at the McArthur River Mining Camp; in Summary of Investigations 2002, Volume 2, Saskatchewan Geological Survey, Sask. Energy Mines, Misc. Rep. 2002-4.1

Craven, J A; McNeice, G; Powell, B; Koch, R; Annesley, I R; Wood, G; Mwenifumbo, J., 2003, First look at data from a three-dimensional audio-magnetotelluric survey at the McArthur River mining camp, northern Saskatchewan ; Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research , no. 2003-C25, 2003; 6 pages

Evans, S., A.G. Jones, J. Spratt and J. Katsube, 2003. CBEX2: Central Baffin electromagnetic experiment: Part 2. Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, in press.

Jones, A.G., Snyder, D., and Spratt, J., 2001, Magnetotelluric and teleseismic experiments as part of the Walmsley Lake project: Experimental designs and preliminary results; Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 2001-C6.

Jones, A.G., J. Spratt and S. Evans, 2002. CBEX: Central Baffin electromagnetic experiment. Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 2002-C19.

Katsube, T.J., 1999, True formation factor determination by non-linear curve fitting: GSC Current Research, 99-D, Geological Survey of Canada, 27-34.

Katsube, T.J., 2000, Shale permeability and pore-structure evolution characteristics; implications for overpressure: Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 2000-E15; 9p.

Katsube, T.J., 2001, An analytical procedure for determining spectral induced polarization characteristics of anisotropic rocks, Yellowknife mining district, Northwest Territories: Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 2001-E3; 11p.

Katsube, T.J., Dallimore, S.R., Uchida, T., Jenner, K.A., Collett, T.S., and Connell, S., 1999, Petrophysical environment of sediments hosting gas-hydrate, JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well: in Scientific Results from JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 Gas Hydrate Research Well, Mackenzie Delta, North West Territories, Canada: (ed.) S.R. Dallimore, T. Uchida, and T.S. Collett; Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 544, 109-124.

Katsube, T.J., Issler , D.R., Loman, J., and Cox, W.C., 2000, Apparent formation-factor and porosity variation with pressure for Cretaceous shales of the Westwrn Canada Sedimentary Basin: Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 2000-E6; 6p.

Katsube, T.J., Mwenifumbo, J. Kerswill, J,. Connell, S. and Scromeda, N., 2000, Electrical characteristics of mineralized and non-mineralized rocks from the Yellowknife area, NWT: Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 2000-E7, 6p..

Katsube, T.J., Scromeda, N., and Kjarsgaard, B.A., 1999, Laboratory physical characteristics of kimberlites from Smeaton, Saskatchewan: in Current Research, 1999-E, Geological Survey of Canada, 65-71.

Kellett, R. L., Steensma, G.J, and Zahynacz R. M., 2003, Geophysical Signature of the Mountain Lake Intrusion : Northern Alberta, Alberta Geological Survey Special Report in press.

Queralt, P., A.G. Jones and J. Ledo, 2002. Deep electromagnetic imaging of the Bathurst No. 12 deposit: 3-D forward modelling, 2-D inversion and sensitivity tests. Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 2002-D3.

Scromeda-Perez, N., 2002, Formation-factor measurements for Giant mine and Con mine samples from the Yellowknife mining district, Northwest Territories:Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 2002-C6, 6p.

Scromeda, N, Connell, S., and Katsube, T. J., 2000, Petrophysical properties of mineralized and non-mineralized rocks from Giant and Con Mine areas, Northwest Territories: Geological Survey of Canada Current Research, 2000-E8, 7p.

Scromeda-Perez, N. and Katsube, T.J., 2001: Spectral induced polarization measurements of sericite schist and ore samples from the Yellowknife mining district, Northwest Territories; Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2001-E2, 6 p.

Wu, X., Ferguson, I.J., Lodha, G., & Tomsons, D., 1999. Determination of the shallow resistivity structure in the Lac du Bonnet Batholith, Whiteshell Research Area, Manitoba using the time-domain electromagnetic method, Ontario Power Generation, Rep. No. 06819-REP-01200-10007-R00.

3.9.4 LITHOPROBE Reports

Craven, J.A., Boerner, D.E., Kurtz, R.D., Ferguson, I.J., & Bailey, R.C., 1999. Preliminary results from the 1998 EM survey along the Western Superior Transect, Proceedings of LITHOPROBE Western Superior Transect Workshop, Ottawa, February, 1999, LITHOPROBE Report, 70, 23-25.

Craven, J.A., Ferguson, I.J., Skulski, T., Kurtz, R.D., Wu, X., Orellana, M., Spratt, J., & Boerner, D.E., 2001. Electrical images of ancient partial melting, Proceedings of Pan-Lithoprobe Workshop III, October 27-29, 2001, Banff, Canada, Lithoprobe Report 81, p.11.

Eaton, D.E., I. Asudeh and A.G. Jones, 2000. Mantle strain beneath the Great Slave Lake shear zone, NWT from measurements of seismic and electrical anisotropy. Proceedings of the SNORCLE transect workshop. LITHOPROBE Report #72, p. xx-xx.

Eaton, D., Ferguson, I., Jones, A., Hope, J., & Wu, X., 2001. A geophysical shear-sense indicator and the role of mantle lithosphere in transcurrent faulting, Proceedings of Pan-Lithoprobe Workshop III, October 27-29, 2001, Banff, Canada, Lithoprobe Report 81, p.12-15.

Evans, R.L., A.D. Chave and A.G. Jones, 1999. Deep EM studies of the Slave craton. Proceedings of the SNORCLE transect workshop. LITHOPROBE Report #69, p. 72.

Ferguson, I.J., Craven J.A., Wu X., Norton , M., & Wennberg, G. 2001. Review and two-dimensional modelling of magnetotelluric data from Manitoba and Western Ontario on the LITHOPROBE Western Superior Transect, Proceedings of LITHOPROBE Western Superior Transect Workshop, Ottawa, February, 2001.

Jones, A.G. & Ferguson, I.J., 2000. The electric Moho. Proceedings of Pan-Lithoprobe Workshop II, May 23-25, 2000, Banff, LITHOPROBE Report, 74.

Jones, A.G., Ferguson, I.J., Chave, A.D., Evans, R., & Spratt, J., 2001. Slave electromagnetic studies, Proceedings of Pan-Lithoprobe Workshop III, October 27-29, 2001, Banff, Canada, Lithoprobe Report 81, p.50-53.

Jones, A.G., Ferguson, I., Evans, R., & Chave, A., 2000. The electric Slave craton. Proceedings of LITHOPROBE SNORCLE Transect and Cordilleran Tectonics Workshop, Calgary, February 2000, LITHOPROBE Report, 72, 36-42.

Jones, A.G., I. Ferguson, G.W. McNeice, R. Evans & A. Chave, 1999. Electromagnetic studies on and adjacent to the Slave craton, Proceedings of LITHOPROBE SNORCLE Transect Workshop, Calgary, March 1999, LITHOPROBE Report, 69, 56-71.

Kellett R. L., Anscombe, J. R., Bauman, P. D., Hankin, P., and Engelbrecht, L., 2000: Geophysical Mapping of Groundwater Potential in a Rural Water Supply Project: Malawi, Africa. 6th Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, European Section, Bochum, Germany.

Kellett, R L., Hinnell, A., Gamey, J., and Hodges, G., 2000: Mapping Discontinuous Permafrost in the Canadian Sub-Arctic using a Combination of Airborne and Surface Geophysical Surveys. Society of Exploration Geophysicists Annual Conference, Calgary, Canada.

Kellett, R. L., Zahynacz R. M., and Steensma, G.J, 2003, The Role of Borehole Geophysics in Improving the Geophysical Imaging of Kimberlites in a Sedimentary Setting : Alberta, Canada. 8th International Kimberlite Conference, Victoria BC. Paper accepted for presentation.

Ledo, J., Jones, A.G., & Ferguson, I.J., 2000. New SNORCLE magnetotelluric data: preliminary implications, Proceedings of LITHOPROBE SNORCLE Transect and Cordilleran Tectonics Workshop, Calgary, February 2000, LITHOPROBE Report, 72, 124-127.

Ledo, J., Jones, A.G., Ferguson, I.J., & Wennberg, G., 2001. Electromagnetic images of the Tintina Fault, Proceedings of LITHOPROBE SNORCLE Transect and Cordilleran Tectonics Workshop, Sidney, February 2001, LITHOPROBE Report, 79, 67-73.

Lezaeta, P., A.D. Chave, R.L. Evans and A.G. Jones, 2002. Three-dimensional electrical conductivity structure beneath the Slave craton. Proceedings of the SNORCLE transect workshop. LITHOPROBE Report #82, p. 14.

Steensma, G. J., Kellett, R. L., and Maurice, Y., 2002. Exploracion de Aqua en Acuiferos Fracturados en Rocas Cristalinas (Pernambuco, Brasil) y Sedimentarias (Yemen). Bolivian Geological Congress.

Wennberg, G., Ferguson, I.J., Ledo, J. & Jones, A.G., 2001. Preliminary results from SNORCLE magnetotelluric data: Johnson's Crossing to Upper Liard. Proceedings of LITHOPROBE SNORCLE Transect and Cordilleran Tectonics Workshop, Sidney, February 2001, LITHOPROBE Report, 79, 284-290.

Wennberg, G., Ferguson, I.J., Ledo, J. & Jones, A.G., 2002. Modelling and interpretation of magnetotelluric data: Watson Lake to Stewart (Line 2a) and Johnson Crossing to Watson Lake. Proceedings of LITHOPROBE SNORCLE Transect Workshop, Sidney, February 2002, p. 145-152.

Wu, X., Ferguson, I.J., & Jones, A.G., 2000. Magnetotelluric response and geoelectric structure of southwestern Northwest Territories, Canada. Proceedings of LITHOPROBE SNORCLE Transect and Cordilleran Tectonics Workshop, Calgary, February 2000, LITHOPROBE Report, 72, 43-55.

Wu, X., Ferguson, I.J., & Jones, A.G., 2000. Magnetotelluric response and geoelectric structure of Great Slave Lake shear zone along SNORCLE Transect Corridor 1a. Proceedings of LITHOPROBE SNORCLE Transect and Cordilleran Tectonics Workshop, Calgary, February 2000, LITHOPROBE Report, 72, 251-258.

Wu, X., Ferguson, I.J., & Jones, A.G., 2002. Geological interpretation of electrical resistivity models along the SNORCLE Corridors 1 and 1A. Proceedings of LITHOPROBE SNORCLE Transect Workshop, Sidney, February 2002, p. 153-163.

3.9.5 Published Conference Proceedings

Craven, J.A and Jones, A.G. 2001, Deep electromagnetic experiments: Slave and Superior cratons compared and contrasted. Extended Abstracts of the 4th International Archean Conference, Perth, Aus, 598-600.

Craven, J.A., McNeice, G., Wood, G., Powell, B., Koch, R., Annesley, I., and Mwenifumbo, J. (2002a) Magnetotelluric investigations at McArthur River and Shea Creek- A preliminary look at the data, Program with Abstracts - Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada, Joint Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, SK, 2002.

Craven, J.A., McNeice, G.M., Wood, G., Powell, B., Koch, R., Annesley, I.R., and Mwenifumbo, J., 2001, Magnetotelluric Investigation at McArthur River, A Preliminary Look at the Data. Presentation at Extech IV Workshop, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Open House 2001.

Garcia, X. and A.G. Jones, 2000, Advances in aspects of the application of magnetotellurics for mineral exploration. Oral presentation at 70th Annual International Meeting of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Published in Abstract proceedings, pp. 1115-1118.

Jones, A.G., 2002. Using deep-probing EM studies as an aid to area selection of diamond provinces. Invited presentation at 70th Annual International Meeting of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Salt Lake City, Utah, October 6-11. Published in Electronic Abstract proceedings CHI 4.1.

Jones, A.G., and J.A. Craven, 2003. Area selection for diamond exploration using deep-probing electromagnetic surveying. Accepted for oral presentation at 8th International Kimberlite Conference, Victoria, B.C., June 22-27.

Jones, A.G. and G. McNeice, 2002. Audio-magnetotellurics (AMT) for steeply-dipping mineral targets: importance of multi-component measurements at each site. Oral presentation at 70th Annual International Meeting of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Salt Lake City, Utah, October 6-11. Published in Electronic Abstract proceedings CHI 4.5.

Ledo, J., A.G. Jones, and J.A. Craven, 2003. Electrical parameter maps of Canada. Accepted for poster presentation at 8th International Kimberlite Conference, Victoria, B.C., June 22-27.

Queralt, P., A.G. Jones and J. Ledo, 2002. Deep electromagnetic imaging of the Bathurst No. 12 deposit: 3-D forward modeling, 2-D inversion and sensitivity tests. Oral presentation at 70th Annual International Meeting of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Salt Lake City, Utah, October 6-11. Published in Electronic Abstract proceedings CHI 4.2.

Weaver, J. T., Agarwal, A. K.& Lilley, F. E. M., 2003. The relationship between the magnetotelluric invariants and the phase tensor of Caldwell, Bibby and Brown, Third Symposium on Three-Dimensional Electromagnetics, Adelaide, Australia, 7pp.

3.9.6 Theses

Hughesman, W., 2000. A comparison of ground penetrating radar versus electromagnetic methods for saline contamination mapping near Virden, Manitoba. B.Sc. (Eng.) Thesis, U. Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.

Maris, V.G., 2000. Electromagnetic geophysical surveys of geo-environmental targets in Manitoba, M.Sc. Thesis, U. Manitoba, Winnipeg.

Norton, M., 2000. Detailed study of eastern Manitoba using the magnetotelluric method, B.Sc. (Hon.) Thesis, U. Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.

Orellana, M.R. 2002. (in prep). The electrical conductivity structure of the northwestern Superior Province. M.Sc. Thesis, U. Manitoba, Winnipeg. Canada

Solon, K., 2000. Electromagnetic Images of the Banggong-Nujiang Suture Zone of Central Tibet From INDEPTH-III Magnetotelluric Data. M.Sc. Thesis. Syracuse U., New York, U.S.A.

Wennberg, G., 1999. Investigation of the Western Superior Province in Manitoba using the magnetotelluric method. B.Sc.(Hon.) Thesis, U. Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.

Wennberg, G., 2002. Magnetotelluric response of the Northern Cordillera: Interpretation of the lithospheric structure of the SNORCLE Transect, Corridor 2, Line 2a and Connector Line. M.Sc. Thesis, U. Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.

Wolynec, L.L., 2000. LITHOPROBE magnetotelluric crustal study of the Carcross Area, Yukon Territory, B.Sc. (Hon) Thesis, U. Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.

Wu, X., 2000. Determination of near-surface, crustal, and lithopsheric structure in the Canadian Precambrian Shield using the time-domain electromagnetic and magnetotelluric methods, Ph.D. Thesis, U. Manitoba, Winnipeg.

4. Paleomagnetism and Rock Magnetism

Compiled by Randy Enkin, Geological Survey of Canada

4.1 Department of Earth Science, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland

(J.P. Hodych)

Our rock magnetic studies have concentrated on using magnetic anisotropy to correct for paleomagnetic inclination shallowing in sediments (Hodych, Bijaksana and Patzold, 1999 ; Hodych and Bijaksana, 2002). Apparatus has also been built to measure the effect of axial compression upon remanence in rock. This apparatus has been used used to indirectly estimate saturation magnetostriction to evaluate the importance of internal stresses in controlling the coercivity of titanomaghemite in oceanic basalts (Hodych and Matzka, submitted).

Our paleomagnetic studies have concentrated on whether Laurentia changed from south polar at 577Ma to equatorial at 550Ma. This extends the work of McCausland and Hodych (1998) on the Skinner Cove volcanics of western Newfoundland that carry a shallow primary remanence suggesing that Laurentia straddled the equator at 550Ma. There can now be little doubt that the Skinner Cove volcanics represent Laurentia (despite being allochthonous) because we have shown that the volcanics contain inherited zircons with ages characteristic of the nearby Grenvillian inliers of western Newfoundland (Hodych, Cox and Kosler, submitted). This was done with relatively inexpensive laser ablation ICP-MS zircon dating.

4.2 Magnetic Research Facility for Tectonic Studies, Geological Survey of Canada campus, Ottawa (joint facility with University of Ottawa)

(K.L. Buchan, R.E. Ernst)

Paleomagnetic studies of diabase dykes, integrated with U-Pb geochronology, are being used to establish precisely-dated Proterozoic paleomagnetic poles for the Canadian and Siberian shields. Reviews of the paleomagnetic databases for Laurentia and Baltica during the Proterozoic and for the supercontinent Rodinia have been carried out with European colleagues. A map and catalogue of diabase dyke swarms and their related units in Canada and adjacent regions has been prepared. Magma flow directions in dykes, sills and volcanics are being studied through the measurement of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. Measurement of magnetic susceptibility is being applied to the classification of meteorites, and to the characterization of soils in order to improve intrumentation for the detection of landmines. An effort is ongoing to identify and catalogue large igneous provinces (LIPs) in the geological record on Earth and Venus, and to assess their links with mantle plumes. Geochemical studies are being conducted as a tool to determine the platinum group element ore deposit potential of LIPs.

4.3 Department of Physics, University of Toronto

(D.J. Dunlop, Ö. Özdemir, Y.J. Yu, C. Carvallo, A.R. Muxworthy)

1) Archeomagnetism. We have determined the first record of magnetic field intensity in Ontario over the past 2000 years, using 14C dated aboriginal potsherds. It differs in some time intervals from the record for the southwestern USA, probably as a result of non-dipole fields.

2) Paleointensity studies. Three new determinations of late Precambrian paleomagnetic field intensity have been made, one from the 1240 Ma primary TRM of the Tudor Gabbro and two from 1000 Ma and 850 Ma thermal overprints of the Cordova Gabbro. The Precambrian field seems to have had an intensity range similar to that of the Phanerozoic field. The Cordova study is the first example of multivectorial paleointensity determination.

3) Time-temperature relations in thermoviscous remagnetization. Time-temperature relations have been worked out theoretically for pyrrhotite. When used in combination with the known relations for other minerals (magnetite, hematite), more precise estimates of paleotemperature and depth of burial can be made. Two studies of the thermal demagnetization of partial TRMs of PSD and multidomain magnetites have shown that the average value of the sometimes broad unblocking temperature range, when used in the Pullaiah et al. time-temperature relations for magnetite, leads to realistic estimates of paleomagnetic blocking temperature.

4) Improved paleomagnetic and paleointensity methods. Six studies, which formed the core of Y.J. Yu’s Ph.D., have examined the analogies and differences between TRM and ARM, which are the bases of the Thellier and pseudo-Thellier methods, respectively. “Laws” of additivity, reciprocity, and independence of partial ARMs were tested experimentally for a wide range of domain states in natural and synthetic magnetic minerals. The independence or non-independence of vectorially added partial ARMs also bears on the question of resolving superimposed primary and overprinted NRMs in rocks, for which we have developed criteria and best methodologies.

5) Low-temperature demagnetization studies. Four projects involving all members of the group as well as Dr. B. Moskowitz (University of Minnesota) have looked at changes in magnetic remanences, coercivities, and domain structures during low-temperature cycling of magnetites, ranging in size from submicron single-domain to mm-size multidomain crystals. In one case, a single crystal was oriented along principal axes to highlight the directionality of changes in its properties in crossing the Verwey transition at 120 K. These studies are aimed at improving the practical application of low-temperature demagnetization as a paleomagnetic cleaning method.

6) New/improved methods of characterizing paleomagnetic carriers. A 2-part theory + experimental testing of the widely used but poorly understood Day diagram was published in 2002. It provides for the first time fundamentally based master curves for superparamagnetic, single-domain, PSD and multidomain grains and mixtures of these. The conventional boundaries between these “regions” on the Day plot are wrong and need to be modified. We have also begun work on theoretical and experimental FORC (first-order reversal curve) diagrams, another way of more fully utilizing hysteresis data. Our first publication compares predicted properties of FORC distributions at high temperatures with measured FORC diagrams of PSD grains.

7) Hematite as a possible source of Martian magnetic anomalies. Drs. Özdemir and Dunlop together with Dr. G. Kletetschka (NASA GSFC) have measured and analysed the grain size dependence of TRM in both single-domain and multidomain hematites. Both have surprisingly intense TRMs, rivaling the TRM of single-domain and PSD magnetite. They are definitely candidate source minerals for strong magnetic anomalies on Mars.

8) Magnetic mineral studies. Two lesser known magnetic minerals have been studied. In the course of dehydration, goethite (alpha FeOOH) has been shown by low-temperature fingerprinting to generate small but significant quantities of strongly magnetic magnetite, enough to seriously bias paleomagnetic results obtained by thermal demagnetization. Magnetic and electron microprobe studies of Kurokami andesitic pumices from Mt. Sakurajima, Japan revealed the presence of ferrimagnetic chromite. Although chromites are common accessory phases in some types of igneous rocks, this is only the second reported instance of a naturally occurring chromite that is ferrimagnetically ordered at ambient temperatures.

9) Micromagnetic calculations of domain structures. In a paper soon to be published, Drs. Muxworthy and Dunlop, together with Dr. W. Williams (University of Edinburgh) have improved on earlier calculations of energy barriers between single-domain and other LEM (local energy minimum) states in magnetite during cooling from the Curie point. The new calculations use a modern 3-dimensional code but reach the same conclusion as the earlier 1-dimensional calculations. Transitions are forbidden except within a few degrees of the Curie point.

4.4 Department of Geology, University of Toronto

(H.C. Halls)

A regional paleomagnetic study of the 2.45 Ga Matachewan dyke swarm in eastern Ontario has sampled more than 400 dykes over an area of about 250,000 square km within and bordering the 2 Ga Kapuskasing Zone (KZ). It was previously established that a single magnetic field reversal from R to N characterises the period from about 2445 to 2473 Ma which represents the duration of magmatism. Furthermore, where the crust has been uplifted, as within the KZ, the dykes have N polarity, but outside in shallower crust, they have R. This polarity pattern has been used to map a previously unknown fault-bounded segment of the Kapuskasing zone, the western boundary fault of which has been verified by gravity obervations (Halls and Mound 1998). In addition, the deeper crustal roots of dykes show a more intense clouding of their feldspar. It has been shown that this is due to sub-microscopic magnetite precipitated within the feldspar, as a result of slow cooling at ambient deep crustal temperatures. Rock magnetic and paleomagnetic experiments on feldspar separates (Zhang, Ph. D. thesis, 1999; Halls and Zhang, Tectonophysics, 2003) show that the magnetite carries an N Matachewan remanence. Since the rate of apw during Matachewan magmatism is known, it can be estimated that the remanence and therefore the magnetite exsolution, occurred no more than 1-2 million years after the dykes were intruded. The use of the lateral variations of magnetic polarity and feldspar clouding intensity across a dyke swarm to map broad crustal deformation of a shield region represents a novel method which in principle can be applied to other shield areas in the world, most of which have abundant Proterozoic dyke swarms. It also represents an important means to map the third (depth) dimension of a dyke swarm, and represents the first time that magnetic polarity changes in diabase dykes, as a function of crustal depth, has been studied.

The locations of major KZ faults discovered by the paleomagnetic study have been verified using gravity observations (Halls and Mound ,CJES 1998, Nitescu and Halls, CJES 2001). Gravity studies have also helped identify a major south-verging thrust fault that bounds the southern margin of the Mamainse Point volcanics (Manson and Halls, CJES, 1997) east of Lake Superior. This fault which can be followed across much of Lake Superior from aeromagnetic data, may link up with the Keweenaw fault, the southerly of the two major bounding faults of the Mid-Continent Rift. Likewise the northern bounding fault through Michipicoten Island also has a potential counterpart on the Ontario mainland. The pop-up structure defined by these faults may join with the Kapuskasing structure thus defining a long-lived (from 0.9 to 2 Ga) zone of crustal uplift extending from James Bay to the US mid-continent.

Paleomagnetic investigations have just been completed on Biscotasing dykes (Halls and Davis 2002) to test if there has been significant rotation between the two halves of the Canadian shield that lie on either side of the Kapuskasing zone. Results show that both 2.45 Ga Matachewan and 2.17 Biscotasing dykes from the same areas support a counter-clockwise rotation of the western side with respect to the eastern of 10̊ to 20̊. This rotation may be part of NE-SW rifting that occurred beneath Hudson Bay at ~ 2 Ga, the subsequent closure of which formed the Paleoproterozoic embayment beneath Hudson bay that gives the Superior Province its peculiar butterfly-shaped outline. Work is continuing on Matachewan dykes in the vicinity of Lake Nipigon to test if the amount of rotation increases away from the Kapuskasing zone.

Clouding intensity in feldspars of Matachewan dykes increases northwards from the Sudbury Basin to the Benny Deformation zone (BDZ), whereupon it suddenly drops reflecting shallower crustal levels. The interpretation of these data is that sometime after formation of the Sudbury Basin the crust around its northern margin was tilted to the south perhaps in response to thrusting along the BDZ, and that the present shape of the basin may be part of this deformation (Siddorn and Halls, 1999). Subsequently, paleomagnetic work was carried out on Sudbury breccia around the northern margin of the basin and the results (Szabo and Halls, 2002) show that the basement has been deformed in a manner very similar to that originally proposed for the overlying norite by W.Morris in 1984.

The Nares Strait Controversy concerns the apparent lack of geological support for a 200 km sinistral displacement between Greenland and Canada which is expected from plate tectonic reconstructions involving the separation of Greenland, and which was originally proposed by Wegener in 1915. Preliminary paleomagnetic work on two dyke swarms, one from the Thule Peninsula in Greenland and another, offset about 200 km to the south, exposed on Devon island, give comparable results which is consistent with the idea that the two swarms may once have been a single entity (Denyszyn and Halls, 2003).

Paleointensity determinations on Precambrian dykes using microwaves are currently being carried out in collaboration with John Shaw and others at the University of Liverpool to test for long term changes in the intensity of the Earth’s field that, when freed of secular variation, may reflect the evolution of the Earth’s core. Preliminary results (Halls et al., 2003, Mcardle et al., 2003) show that the Earth’s dipole moment was only about one third of its present value between 2.5 and 2.0 Ga. This may indicate a time before increased thermal and chemical convection in the outer core, due to crystallisation of the inner core, had reached levels sufficient to produce the present field intensity.

4.5 Department of Geology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario

(W.A.Morris)

Geophysics applied to ore body detection and delineation problems. Magnetic, electrical and gravity surveys to identify ore body location (Sudbury, Hemlo) Measurement and interpretation of physical rock property variations to constrain geophysical models (magnetics, density, radiometrics, resistivity) Borehole hole geophysics specifically three-component vector magnetic, radiometric, and resistivity surveys. Borehole navigation. Application of potential field and remote sensing techniques for the detection of surface oil seepages. Application of paleomagnetic techniques for locating regions of fluid flow related to mineral deposits, and oil pools.

4.6 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario

(H.C.Palmer)

I am involved in the completion of two projects: (1) a study of the relationship of the Nipissing sills of Ontario and the Senneterre dykes of Quebec and (2) a study of the Caetano Formation of east-central Nevada, In study (1) co-investigators are Ken Buchan and Richard Ernst of the G.S.C., Ottawa. W.D. MacDonald and C.S. Gromme are principal co-investigators of study (2).

The Nipissing sill – Senneterre dyke project involves both paleomagnetic and magnetic anisotropy data which we now have from 138 sites. Although the Nipissing sills and Senneterre dykes are both 2.2 Ga in age, at least two and probably three discrete pulses of magma emplacement are involved based on the paleomagnetic signatures. The magnetic anisotropy data are used as petrofabric proxies; possible flow patterns are inferred and are used to discrimate between local subjacent magma chambers and distal magma sources which would produce regionally consistent flow patterns in the Nipissing sills.

The Caetano Tuff is somewhat unusual in the context of other Tertiary tuffs of the Basin and Range Province in that the thickest parts of the formation are preserved in an east-west rough perhaps 90 km or more in length in contrast to the others which have their thickest accumulations in sub-circular calderas. In addition, the formation contains numerous interbedded clastic sediments. Our study involves the first description of a reference section of the formation, the petrology, paleomagnetism and magnetic fabric of both the intra-trough and extra-trough facies of the formation. All samples are of reverse polarity; in spite of the presence of interbedded sediments, secular variation is imperfectly averaged. The AMS data, together with a limited number of field-measured lineations, suggests several source vents along the south margin of the trough which fed the deposits within the trough and the outflow deposits north and south of the trough.

4.7 Earth Sciences, University of Windsor

(D.T.A. Symons, M.T. Cioppa)

The equipment at the University of Windsor’s Paleomagnetics Laboratory has been significantly upgraded or replaced within the last four years. Funding for a new Rock Magnetics Laboratory was obtained through a Canada Foundation for Innovation / Ontario Innovation Trust grant.

Current and recent research projects include the following:

1) Dating of ore deposits that are not amenable to radiometric age dating to better understand their genesis, such as Sweetwater Ba-F-Zn, Upper Mississippi Valley Pb-Zn, and Metalline MVT deposits in the U.S.A., Nanisivik MVT deposit in Canada, Kapok MVT deposit in Australia, Lisheen, Galmoy, and Silvermines Irish-type deposits in Ireland as well as a variety of other deposits including zinc-lead, fluorospar, bauxite and iron.(S.J. Pannalal; M.Sc, Ph.D., J.H.Ashton, Outokumpu Tara Mines Ltd.; G. Stanley, Geological Survey of Ireland; D.R. Boyle, GSC; L. Fontboté, Univ. Geneva; D.L. Leach, USGS; C.G. Rodrigues, Univ. Windsor; D.F. Sangster, GSC)

2) Determining the ages of and variables controlling remagnetizations in carbonate rocks of the Williston Basin. The effects of factors such as facies, pore fluid and rock geochemistry, and depth of burial on the paleomagnetic and rock magnetic signal are being examined. (E. Szabo, Ph.D; I.S. Al-Aasm, Univ. Windsor)

3) Magnetic susceptibility mapping in Point Pelee National Park, Ontario. Geographic information system technology is combined with magnetic susceptibility measurements to create maps of several areas in the park, in order to determine potential sediment sources and the extent of anthropogenic contamination. (M. Morgan, B.Sc; B. Igbokwe, M.Sc.; P. Graniero, Univ. Windsor; M. Smith and T. Linke, PPNP)

4) Dating of thermal maturation in organic-rich source rocks from the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Three systems have been studied and the results have been, or are being published. (J. Adam, B.Sc., M. Flore, B.Sc., J. Gao, M.Sc., M. Vernon, M.Sc., I.S. Al-Aasm, Univ. Windsor; K.P. Gillen, Vox Terrae Intl., J. Packard, Rhomb Consulting)

5) Geotectonic assembly of the accreted terranes of the Canadian Cordillera in northern British Columbia and the Yukon. Most of this work has been directed towards plutons in the Stikine and Yukon - Tanana terranes using geobarometric methods to determine paleohorizontal. Results are nearing completion and in publication (M.J. Harris, Ph.D., P.J.A. McCausland, Ph.D.; W.H. Blackburn, Univ. Windsor; C.J.R. Hart, Yukon Geology Program)

6) Rock magnetic properties of oil sands. Potential correlations between factors such as bitumen content, fines content and carbonate content and the variations in rock magnetic properties are being examined. (M. Flore, Univ. Windsor; Imperial Oil Ltd.)

7) Examining the paleomagnetic signal of the Baja Batholith and LaPosta Pluton, to determine the assembly of Baja California. (M. Harris, Univ. Windsor; T. Smith, Univ. Windsor, B. Blackburn, Univ. Windsor; M. Wallawender)

8) Paleomagnetic and rock magnetic analysis of Paleozoic rocks in Southern Ontario. (N. Garner, M.Sc., M. Coniglio, Univ. Waterloo; I.S. Al-Aasm, Univ. Windsor)1) Dating of ore deposits that are not amenable to radiometric age dating to better understand their genesis - Robb Lake and Kicking Horse MVT deposits in Canada; East Tennessee, Central Tennessee and Viburnum Trend MVT deposits in the U.S.A.; Navan Zn-Pb in Ireland; and work continues on a variety of other deposits including zinc-lead, fluorospar, bauxite and iron

4.8 Lakehead University Rock Magnetism Group, Thunder Bay, Dept. of Geology and

Physics.

(G.J. Borradaile)

borradaile@lakeheadu.ca http://www.lakeheadu.ca/~geology/Geolgb.htm

Housing 3 Spinner magnetometers, 2 AF demagnetizers, 2 thermal demagnetizers, pulse magnetizer, Curie balance, 2 units for susceptibility measurement from 77K to 900K, AMS and AARM measurement instruments, Micromag hysteresis unit, anisotropy of electrical conductivity unit, two triaxial rigs for experimental deformation.

Our group currently focuses on 6 thematic subjects and applications in 4 field areas.

THEMES

(1) Magnetic fabrics as proxies for tectonic fabric/strain and for magma flow. Using AMS and AARM and pAARM.

(2) Crystallographic control on AMS and AARM, using single crystals, Micromag hysteresis studies and single crystal anisotropy.

(3) Paleomagnetism and strain: both experimental studies in triaxial rig and field studies. Incremental deformation and finite strain is recorded for different changes in paleomagnetic signal, the latter being analyzed by AFand Tub spectra.

(4) Magnetic mineralogy of "modern" ophiolites and of Archean greenstone. Curie balance and susceptibility measurements from 77K to 900K, hysteresis.

(5) Hysteresis properties of limestones, their magnetic mineralogy in general and their influence on VRM-dating in archeology and paleomagnetic stability.

(6) Archeomagnetism (classical using secular variation) compared with VRM-dating. Use and testing of Low temperature demagnetization in this connection.

FIELD AREAS/APPLICATIONS

(1a) Northern Ontario: magma flow studies, paleomagnetic stability and LTD in Logan sills.

(1b) Northern Ontario: paleomagnetic deflections by tectonic deformation, magnetic fabrics (AMS, pAARM) in Archean rocks.

(2a) Cyprus: "modern" ophiolite: magnetic fabrics, paleomagnetism and micro-plate motion, paleomagnetism and deformation limestone magnetic mineralogy.

(2b) Cyprus and Israel: archeological monuments of limestone, ages known used for testing viscous remanent magnetization acquisition. Also somesecular-variation archeomagnetism.

(3) UK ancient monuments (ages known) and limestone bedrock for studies of VRM acquisition.

(4) Paleomagnetism and tectonics of the Iapetus carbonate platform deposits.

4.9 Department of Physics, University of Alberta

(V. Kravchinsky, M.E. Evans)

Environmental magnetism and past global change. The magnetic encoding of climatic fluctuations in loess-paleosol sedimentary sequences in China, Central Russia, Siberia and Argentina is providing important information on paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic conditions during the last few million years. Much of the work completed to date has appeared in a series of papers and some of it is incorporated in the doctoral theses of C.D.Rokosh and E.Little (University of Alberta) and - via a collaborative project with F. Heller - that of S.Spassov at ETH, Zürich. In an entirely separate project, a new record in Asia spanning 7 million years was obtained from a deep drilling project in Lake Baikal sediments. Spectral analysis of the resulting time series indicates that, for the most part, the Milankovitch obliquity signal dominates. But there is persistent evidence for significant power in "non-Milankovitch" bands. A book by M.E. Evans and F. Heller entitled Environmental Magnetism: Principles and Applications of Enviromagnetics was published by Academic Press in April 2003.

Archeomagnetism. Investigations of ancient thermoremanence-carrying heated structures (such as pottery kilns) allow one to greatly extend the historical record of geomagnetic secular variations. This project continues at sites in Greece and has been extended to Portugal, Spain and Egypt.

Paleomagnetism and tectonics. The paleomagnetic method was used to reconstruct the configuration of continents and to date events of basalt and kimberlite magmatism of the giant Paleozoic basalt provinces of Siberia. Also, studies of several different age tectonic units (Siberia, Mongolia) and the fold belts surrounding them were completed. The result of these studies is a number of plate tectonic reconstructions for the region.

4.10 Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge (R.W. Barendregt)

The flourishing of research in the areas of paleoenvironmental reconstruction and global change has underscored the need for reliable geochronological data. Our research has focussed on paleomagnetic properties, as a correlation and dating tool for sediments and rocks of the Quaternary and Neogene. Remanence measurements of deposits containing proxy records of paleoclimates have been carried out in the Canadian Arctic, Canadian Prairies, Canadian Cordillera, East Africa, Colombia, and elsewhere. In addition to providing age constraints, the work has proven valuable as a measure of relative weathering histories, soil formation, and extent of Cordilleran and Laurentide ice in North America. Work is continuing on the magnetic "finger-printing" of auriferous gravels in the Yukon and Alaska, on till magnetostratigraphy of the Canadian prairies and the American midwest to estimate the timing and extent of Laurentide glaciations in North America, on the analysis of sediments from low latitude, high altitude montane environments to estimate extent and timing of glaciations there, and finally, sampling was started for a pole to pole secular variation study, using late Neogene and Quaternary volcanic rocks.

4.11 Geological Survey of Canada - Pacific at Victoria

(R.J. Enkin, J. Baker, E. Irving)

1) Cordilleran Paleogeography: In order to define better the architecture of Canadian Cordillera and the geodynamic setting of its origin, we have been sampling layered Cretaceous rocks in the Coast and Intermontane belts to determine the paleogeography of the region. Continued work consistently reveals shallow inclinations reinforcing the conclusion of large coastwise displacements. Notably, studies at Churn Creek in south-central British Columbia indicate that Baja BC, the displacing region, must include most of the Intermontane and Coastal Superterranes as a unit.

2) Diagenetic studies: Magnetic minerals are sensitive to diagenetic environments. We have been looking at the age, geometry and environment of remagnetizations in the southern Canadian Rockies and Western Canadian Basin. Large fluid events are recognized to have flowed ahead of the orogenic zone, likely related to hydrocarbon maturation and migration. Along the Frontal Thrust of the Front Ranges, development of underlying blind duplexes uplifted and cooled rocks as observed by a late syn-tectonic thermal-magnetic overprint.

3) Belt-Purcell Basin: Paleomagnetic study shows this mid-Proterozoic basin was deposited during a relatively short duration (~50 m.y.) and suffered differential vertical axis rotations during the Cordilleran orogeny.

4) Quaternary Glacial Magnetostratigraphy: We correlate and date glacial deposits, mostly in the Cordilleran region, and help establish an environmental baseline. Secular variation observed in the Missoula Food deposits of Washington State help constrain the timing of deglaciation.

5) Paleomagnetic Statistics: Methods is spherical statistics are applied to paleomagnetic problems such as the tilt/fold test and inclination-only analysis. Software for paleomagnetic analysis is being developed, and is made available at www.pgc.nrcan.gc.ca/tectonic/enkin.htm .

PUBLICATIONS

Alva-Valdivia, L. M., J. Urrutia-Fucugauchi, A. Goguitchaichvili, and D. J. Dunlop, Magnetic mineralogy and properties of the Peña Colorada iron ore deposit, Guerrero Terrane: Implications for magnetometric modeling. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 13, 415-428. 2000.

Baikal Drilling Project group (including V. Kravchinsky) Paleoclimatic record in the Late Cenozoic sediments of lake Baikal (by 600 m deep-drilling data). Russian Geology and Geophysics, v.41, #1, 3-32, In Russian and English.2000.

Borradaile, G. J. & Gauthier, D.,. AMS-detection of inverse fabrics without AARM, in ophiolite dikes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28: 3517-3520.2001

Borradaile, G. J. & Gauthier, D. Interpreting anomalous magnetic fabrics in ophiolite dikes. J. Struct. Geol., 25: 171-182. 2003.

Borradaile, G. J. & Hamilton, T. Magnetic fabrics proxy as neotectonic co-seismic stress trajectories, Polis Graben, Cyprus. Tectonics, In Press.

Borradaile, G. J. & Lagroix, F., Magnetic fabrics reveal Upper Mantle Flow fabrics in the Troodos Ophiolite Complex, Cyprus, J. Structural Geol., 23: 1299-1317.2001.

Borradaile, G. J. & Lagroix, F., Magnetic characterization of limestones using a new hysteresis projection. Geophys. J. International., 141: 213 - 226.2000.

Borradaile, G. J. & Lagroix, F., Thermal enhancement of magnetic fabrics in high grade gneisses. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27: 2413-2416. 2000.

Borradaile, G. J. , Statistics of Earth Science Data. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg (Book, approx 200 pages plus 143 Figures).Accepted for publication.

Borradaile, G. J. and Lucas, K. Tectonics of the Akamas and Mamonia ophiolites, Western Cyprus, from magnetic petrofabrics and paleomagnetism. J. Struct. Geology, In Press.

Borradaile, G. J. and Gauthier, D. Plate tectonics and paleomagnetism of Cyprus re-evaluated. Tectonophysics, In Press.

Borradaile, G. J., Lane, T., Lagroix, F. , Maher, L. , Linford N. & Linford, P. Attempts to date Salt-making activity in Iron Age Britain using magnetic inclinations. J. Archeological Science, 26: 1377 - 1389.1999.

Borradaile, G. J., Werner, T. and Lagroix, F., Differences in paleomagnetic interpretations due to the choice of statistical, demagnetization and correction techniques: Kapuskasing Structural Zone, northern Ontario, Canada. Tectonophysics 2003.

Borradaile, G. J., Viscous remanent magnetization of high thermal stability in Limestone. In : Tarling, D.H. & Turner, P. (eds) Palaeomagnetism and Diagenesis in Sediments, Geological Soc. London, Spec. Publication, 151: 27-42.1999.

Borradaile, G. J., Paleomagnetic vectors and tilted dikes. Tectonophysics. 333: 417-426.2001.

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Borradaile, G. J., Fralick, P. W., & Lagroix, F., Acquisition of anhysteretic remanence and tensor subtraction from AMS isolates true palaeocurrent grain alignments. In : Tarling, D.H. & Turner, P. (eds) Palaeomagnetism and Diagenesis in Sediments, Geological Soc. London, Spec. Publication, 151: 139-145.1999.

Borradaile, G. J., Goulder, C., Stewart, J.D. & Start, D., Dating of a mediaeval Abbey by Viscous Remanent Magnetization, Lincolnshire, UK. Archaeometry, 41: 175-183.1999.

Borradaile, G. J., Lagroix, F. & Trimble, D. Improved isolation of archeomagnetic signals by combined low temperature and alternating field demagnetization. Geophysical J. International. 147: 176-182.2001.

Borradaile, G. J., Lucas, K. and Middleton, R.S., Effectiveness of low-temperature demagnetization in the isolation of characteristic remanence, Geophysical Journal International, In Press.

Borradaile, G. J., Werner, , T. & Lagroix, F., Magnetic fabrics and anisotropy-controlled thrusting in the Kapuskasing Structural Zone, Canada., Tectonophysics, 302:241-256.1999.

Borradaile, G.J., Werner, T. & Lagroix, F., Statistical evaluation of paleomagnetic data from the Kapuskasing Structural Zone of Northern Ontario. Tectonophysics, In Press.

Boyce, J., Pozza, M., and Morris, W.A., High resolution magnetic mapping of contaminated sediments in urbanized environments. The Leading Edge, v.20 (8), p.886-895. 2001

Carvallo, C., and D. J. Dunlop, Archeomagnetism of potsherds from Grand Banks, Ontario: A test of low paleointensities in Ontario around A.D. 1000. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 186, 437-450.2001.

Cioppa, Maria T; Symons, David T A; Gillen, Kevin P; Lewchuk, Michael T Paleomagnetism provides alternative core orientation methods. Oil and Gas Journal. 98; 21, Pages 46-48, 51-53. 2000.

Cioppa, M T; Al-Aasm, I S; Symons, D T A; Lewchuk, M T; Gillen, K P Correlating paleomagnetic, geochemical and petrographic evidence to date diagenetic and fluid flow events in the Mississippian Turner Valley Formation, Moose Field, Alberta, Canada. Sedimentary Geology. 131; 3-4, Pages 109-129. 2000.

Cioppa, M T; Symons, D T A; Al-Aasm, Ihsan S; Gillen, K P Evaluating the timing of hydrocarbon generation in the Devonian Duvernay Formation; paleomagnetic, rock magnetic and geochemical evidence. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 19; 3, Pages 275-287. 2002.

Cioppa, M.T. Magnetic evidence for timing of fluid flow in the Watrous Formation, Williston Basin: a preliminary study, Journal of Geochemical Exploration, in press

Cioppa, M.T., Al-Aasm I.S., Symons, D.T.A., and K.P. Gillen, Dating penecontemporaneous dolomitization: paleomagnetic and geochemical constraints, AAPG Bulletin, v. 87; 71-88, 2003

Cioppa, M.T., Symons, D.T.A, Flore, M. Initial analysis of the Jurassic “Nordegg Member”, Fernie Formation: Using paleomagnetism to measure source rock thermal maturity, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, v. 27, p. 1161-1168, 2002.

Cioppa, M.T., Symons, D.T.A., Al-Aasm, I.S., and Gillen, K.P., Evaluating the Timing of hydrocarbon generation in the Devonian Duvernay Formation: palomagnetic, rock magnetic and geochemical evidence, Marine and Petroleum Geology, 19: 275-287, 2002

Clague, J.J., R.W. Barendregt, R.J. Enkin, and N. Foit Jr. "Paleomagnetic and tephra evidence for tens of Missoula floods in southern Washington" Geology. March 2003; v. 31, no. 3, p. 247-250 (includes data repository item 2003023).2003

Dang, M.Z., D.G. Rancourt, G. Lamarche and M.E. Evans, Mineralogical analysis of a loess/paleosol couplet from the Chinese Loess Plateau, in Clays for Our Future, H. Kodama, A.R. Marmut and J.K. Torrance (eds.), Proc. 11th Int. Clay Conf., Ottawa, Canada, 309-315, 1999.

Denyszyn, S. and Halls, H.C. Paleomagnetic correlation of dykes in Canada and Greenland and its bearing on the Nares Strait Problem. Abstract, 27th General Assembly European Geophysical Society, 2003.

Duk-Rodkin, A. R.W. Barendregt, D.G. Froese, F. Weber, R.J. Enkin, I.R. Smith, P. Waters, and R. Klassen "Timing and Extent of Plio-Pleistocene glaciations in North-Western Canada and East-Central Alaska" Quaternary Science Reviews 2003 in press.

Duk-Rodkin, A., R.W. Barendregt, J.M. White, and V.H. Singhroy "Geologic evolution of the Yukon River: implications for placer gold", Quaternary International, v. 82, p. 5-31.2001

Dunlop, D. J. and Ö. Özdemir, Effect of grain size and domain state on thermal demagnetization tails. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 1311-1314.2000.

Dunlop, D. J. and Ö. Özdemir, Rock Magnetism: Fundamentals and Frontiers 2^nd Edition, 573 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York 2001.

Dunlop, D. J., Rock Magnetism. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 9th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 3 pages.2001.

Dunlop, D. J., Theory and application of the Day plot (Mrs/Ms vs. Hcr/Hc) 1. Theoretical curves and tests using titanomagnetite data. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (B3) 2056, EPM 4-1 to 4-22. doi:10.1029/ 2001JB000486, 2002.

Dunlop, D. J., Theory and application of the Day plot (Mrs/Ms vs. Hcr/Hc) 2. Application to data for rocks, sediments and soils. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (B3) 2057, EPM 5-1 to 5-15. doi:10.1029/ 2001JB000487, 2002.

Dunlop, D. J., Partial thermoremanent magnetization: Louis Néel's legacy in rock magnetism. J. Appl. Phys. 93 (10) doi:10.1063/1.1558640, 2003.

Dunlop, D. J., and G. Kletetschka, Multidomain hematite: A source of planetary magnetic anomalies? Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 3345-3348.2001.

Dunlop, D. J., and Ö. Özdemir, Beyond Néel's theories: Thermal demagnetization of narrow-band partial thermoremanent magnetizations. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 126, 43-57.2001.

Dunlop, D.J., Ö. Özdemir, D.A. Clark, and P.W. Schmidt, Time-temperature relations for the remagnetization of pyrrhotite (Fe₇S₈) and their use in estimating paleotemperatures. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 176, 107 - 116. 2000.

Elston, D.P., R.J. Enkin, J. Baker, and D.K. Kisilevsky, "Tightening the Belt: Paleomagnetic-stratigraphic constraints on deposition, correlation, and deformation of the Middle Proterozoic (~1.4 Ga) Belt-Purcell Supergroup, U.S. and Canada", Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 114, 619-638, 2002.

Enkin, R.J., The Direction-Correction Tilt Test: An All-Purpose Tilt / Fold Test for Paleomagnetic Studies, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, in Press, 2003.

Enkin, R.J, J. Baker, and P.S. Mustard, "Paleomagnetism of the late Cretaceous Nanaimo Group, Southwestern Canadian Cordillera", Canadian J. Earth Sci., 38, 1403-1422, 2001.

Enkin, R.J, J.B. Mahoney, J. Baker, M. Keissling, R.A. Haugerud, "Syntectonic remagnetization in the southern Methow block: Resolving large displacements in the southern Canadian Cordillera", Tectonics, 21, NO. 4, 10.1029/2001TC001294, 2002.

Enkin, R.J., J. B. Mahoney, J. Baker, Riesterer, J., Haskin, M.L., "Deciphering shallow paleomagnetic inclinations - 2: Implications from Late Cretaceous strata overlapping the Insular/Intermontane Superterrane boundary in the southern Canadian Cordillera", J. Geophys. Res.,108, 10.1029/2002JB001983, 2003.

Enkin, R.J., J. Baker, K.G. Osadetz, "Paleomagnetic Indications for a Late Paleozoic Age for Part of the Watrous Formation, Williston Basin, Southern Saskatchewan", Saskatchewan Summary of Investigations, Volume 1, Saskatchewan Energy Mines, Misc. Rep. 2001-4.1, 72-76.

Enkin, R.J., K.G. Osadetz, J. Baker, and D. Kisilevsky, "Orogenic remagnetizations in the front ranges and inner foothills of the southern Canadian Cordillera: chemical harbinger and thermal handmaiden of Cordilleran deformation", Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112, 929-942, 2000.

Ernst, R.E. , K.L. Buchan Maximum size and distribution in time and space of mantle plumes: evidence from large igneous provinces. Journal of Geodynamics (Special Issue), 34: 309-342 [Erratum: J. Geodynamics, 34: 711-714]. 2002

Ernst, R.E. , K.L. Buchan Recognizing mantle plumes in the geological record: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 31: 469-523. 2003

Ernst, R.E., K.L. Buchan, A. Prokoph Large igneous province record through time. In: P.G. Eriksson, W. Altermann, D.R. Nelson, W.U. Mueller, O. Catuneanu, K. Strand (eds.) Tempos and Events in Precambrian Time. Elsevier, 2003 in press.

Ernst, R E. , J. Z. de Boer, P. Ludwig, T. Gapotchenko Magma flow pattern in the North Mountain basalts of the 200 Ma CAMP event: Evidence from the magnetic fabric, In: W.E. Hames, J.C. McHone, P.R. Renne, and C. Ruppel (eds.) The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province: Insights from Fragments of Pangea: American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph Volume 136, p. 227-239. 2003

Ernst, R.E., D.W. Desnoyers, J.W. Head, E.B. Grosfils Graben-fissure systems in Guinevere Planitia and Beta Regio (264-312̊E, 24-60̊N), Venus, and implications for regional stratigraphy and mantle plumes: Icarus, 2003 in press.

Ernst, R.E., E.B. Grosfils, D. Mège Giant dike swarms: Earth Venus and Mars: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29: 489-534. 2001

Evans, M.E. and D.C. Rokosh, The last interglacial in the Chinese Loess Plateau: a petromagnetic investigation of samples from a north-south transect, Quaternary International, 68-71, 77-82, 2000.

Evans, M.E. and F. Heller, Environmental Magnetism: Principles and Applications of Enviromagnetics, Academic Press, 2003, in press.

Evans, M.E. and F. Heller, Magnetism of Loess/Palaeosol Sequences: Recent developments, Earth Science Reviews 54, 129-144, 2001.

Evans, M.E., C.D. Rokosh and N.W. Rutter, Magnetoclimatology and paleoprecipitation: evidence from a north-south transect through the Chinese Loess Plateau, Geophysical Research Letters, 29(8), DOI 10.1029/2001GLO13674, 2002.

Evans, M.E., Magnetoclimatology of aeolian sediments, Geophysical Journal International, 144, 495-497, 2001.

Evans, M.E., Magnetoclimatology: a test of the wind-vigour model using the 1980 Mount St. Helens ash, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 172, 255-259, 1999.

Evans, M.E., N.W. Rutter, N. Catto, J. Chlachula and D. Nyvlt, Magnetoclimatology: teleconnection between the Siberian loess record and North Atlantic Heinrich events, Geology, 31, 537-540, 2003.

Evans, M.E., Wind, rain and magnetism, Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. Geoph., 175-177, 2001.

Evans-M-E; Jiang-L Magnetomineralogy of archeomagnetic materials. Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity. 48; 12, Pages 1531-1540. 1996.

Froese, D.G., R.J. Enkin, and D.G. Smith, "Sedimentology, paleomagnetism and placer settings along Dominion Creek, Klondike area, Yukon: initial results", Yukon Exploration and Geology, 159-170, 2000.

Froese, D.G., R.W. Barendregt, R.J. Enkin, and J. Baker, "Paleomagnetic evidence for multiple late Pliocene-early Pleistocene glaciations in the lower Klondike valley, Yukon Territory", Canadian J. Earth Sci., 37, 836-877, 2000.

Gauthier, D. and Borradaile, G. J., Under review. Spreading-axis diapir spacing and magma-flow deduced from magnetic fabrics. (J. Struct. Geol.)

Halim, N., J.-P. Cogné, and V.A. Kravchinsky. New Mesozoic paleomagnetic results from the Mongol-Okhotsk suture zone: Clues on the Late Jurassic oceanic closure and the post-Cretaceous left-lateral shear of the Trans-Baikal area. Journal of Geophysical Research, JGR-2001JB001675, submitted, 2003.

Halls, H.C., Li, J., Davis, D., Hou, G., Zhang, B., & Qian, X., A precisely dated Proterozoic paleomagnetic pole from the North China craton, and its relevance to paleocontinental reconstruction, Geophysical Journal International, 143:185-203, 2000.

Halls, H.C. & Heaman, L.M., The paleomagnetic significance of new U-Pb age data from the Molson dyke swarm, Cauchon Lake area, Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 37: 957-966.

Halls, H.C. & Wingate, M.T.D., Paleomagnetic pole from the Yilgarn B dykes of Western Australia: no longer relevant to Rodinia reconstructions, Earth & Planetary Science Letters, 187: 39-53, 2001.

Halls, H.C. & Davis, D.W., Paleomagnetism and U-Pb geochronology of the 2170 Ma Biscotasing dyke swarm: evidence for vertical axis crustal rotation across the Kapuskasing Zone, abstract, 26th General Assembly European Geophysical Society, Nice France, 2002.

Halls, H C; Zhang, B., Crustal uplift in the southern Superior Province, Canada, revealed by paleomagnetism. Tectonophysics, 362, pages 123-136, 2003.

Hamilton, M.A., D.W. Davis, K.L. Buchan, H.C. Halls Precise U-Pb dating of reversely magnetized Marathon diabase dykes and implications for emplacement of giant dyke swarms along the southern margin of the Superior Province, Ontario. Radiogenic Age and Isotopic Studies, Report 15, Geological Survey of Canada, Current research 2001-F6, 8 p. 2002

Harris, M J; Symons, D T A; Blackburn, W H; Hart, C J R Paleomagnetic and geobarometric study of the Late Cretaceous Mount Lorne Stock, southern Yukon Territory. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 36; 6, Pages 905-915. 1999.

Harris, M J; Symons, D T A; Blackburn, W H; Peck, D C; Turek, A Split Lake Block of the Superior boundary zone; petrological, paleomagnetic and geobarometric data for the ca. 1818 Ma Fox Lake Pluton (NTS 64A/ 1, / 8). In: Report of Activities - Manitoba Industry, Trade and Mines - Geological Services. 2000; Pages 26-37. 2000.

Harris, M J; Symons, D T A; Peck, D C; Blackburn, W H; Turek, A Pegmatite remagnetization at about 1.7 Ga in the southern Thompson nickel belt, from paleomagnetism. Report of Activites--Manitoba Energy and Mines, Minerals Division. 2001; Pages 59-66. 2001.

Harris, M J; Symons, D T A; Peck, D C; Turek, A; Blackburn, W H Tectonic history of the waning stages of the Trans-Hudson Orogen; paleomagnetic data for the 1836 Ma Mystery Lake Pluton from the Superior Boundary Zone (NTS 63P/ 13). In: Report of Activities - Manitoba Industry, Trade and Mines - Geological Services. 1999; Pages 27-32. 1999.

Harris, M J; Symons, D T A; Turek, A; Peck, D C Tectonic analysis of the Trans-Hudson Orogen and Superior Craton for 1840 to 1770 Ma from paleomagnetism with geobarometric corrections; progress report. In: Lithoprobe Western Superior Transect. 132-135. 1999.

Harris, M J; Symons, D T A; Turek, A; Peck, D C; Blackburn, W H The Superior boundary zone; implications derived from recent paleomagnetic results on the Mystery Lake Pluton. In: Lithoprobe Western Superior Transect, sixth annual workshop. 77; Pages 51-58. 2000.

Harris M.J., Symons, D.T.A., Blackburn, W.H., Villeneuve, M.J., and Hart, C.J.R., 2003. Travels of the Cache Creek Terrane: A paleomagnetic, geobarometric and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar study of the Jurassic Fourth of July batholith, northernmost British Columbia, Canada. Tectonophysics, in press.

Haskin, M.L., Enkin, R.J, J.B. Mahoney, P.S. Mustard, J. Baker, "Deciphering shallow paleomagnetic inclinations - 1: Implications from correlation of Albian volcanic rocks along the Insular/Intermontane Superterrane boundary in the southern Canadian Cordillera",J. Geophys. Res., 108, 10.1029/2002JB001982, 2003.

Haskin, M.L., J.B. Mahoney, R.J. Enkin, P.S. Mustard, C.J. Hickson, "Stratigraphic affinity of Upper Cretaceous volcanic rocks in the Churn Creek-Gang Ranch area, south-central British Columbia", in Current Research 1999-A; Geological Survey of Canada, 225-230, 1999.

Hodych, J.P., Bijaksana, S. and Patzold, R. Using magnetic anisotropy to correct for paleomagnetic inclination shallowing in some magnetite-bearing deep-sea turbidites and limestones. Tectonophysics 307, p.191-205. 1999

Hodych, J.P.and Bijaksana, S. Plastically deforming clay-rich sediment to help measure the average remanence anisotropy of its individual magnetic particles, and correct for paleomagnetic inclination shallowing. Physicsand Chemistry of the Earth 27, p. 1273-1279. 2002.

Hodych, Joseph P; Mackay, Robert I; English, Gerald M Low-temperature demagnetization of saturation remanence in magnetite-bearing dolerites of high coercivity. Geophysical Journal International. 132; 2, Pages 401-411. 1998.

Hrouda, F., Henry, B., & Borradaile, G. J., Limitations of tensor subtraction in isolating diamagnetic fabrics by magnetic anisotropy. Tectonophysics, 322: 303-310.2000.

Huscroft, C.A., B.C. Ward, R.W. Barendregt, and L.E. Jackson, Jr. "Pleistocene Volcanic Damming of Yukon River, West Central Yukon" Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2003 in press

K.L. Buchan, R.E. Ernst Diabase dyke swarms and related units in Canada and adjacent regions. Geological Survey of Canada Map No. 2022A, scale 1:5,000,000, 2003 in press.

Karlstrom, Eric, T. and Rene W. Barendregt "Fabric, Paleomagnetism, and Interpretation of Pre-Illinoian Diamictons and Paleosols on Cloudy Ridge and Milk River Ridge, Alberta and Montana" Geographie Physique et Quaternaire. V. 55, No. 2, p. 141-157.2001

Krainov, M.A., V.A. Kravchinsky, J.A. Peck, H. Sakai, J.W. King, and M.I. Kuzmin. Paleoclimate record of the Lake Baikal sediments with magnetic susceptibility studying result, Russian Geology and Geophysics, v.42, #1-2, 87-97, In Russian and English. 2001.

Kravchinsky, V.A. and A.A. Sorokin. Paleomagnetism of the Devonian sediments of the Oldoy terrain, Doklady Rossiyskoi Academii Nauk (Russian Academy of Science Reports), v.376, #6, 789-793, In Russian and English.2001.

Kravchinsky, V.A., A.A. Sorokin, and V. Courtillot. Paleomagnetism of Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments of southern margin of Mongol-Okhotsk ocean, Far East of Russia, Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, B10, 2253, EPM 10-1 - 10-15, 2002.

Kravchinsky, V.A., J.-P. Cogné, W. Harbert, and M.I. Kuzmin. Evolution of the Mongol-Okhotsk ocean with paleomagnetic data from the suture zone. Geophysical Journal International, v.148, 34-57, 2002.

Kravchinsky, V.A., K.M. Konstantinov, and D.P. Gladkochub. Paleomagnetic studies of key areas with basic and ultra-basic magmatic rocks in south of Eastern Siberia (after results of paleomagnetic studies for 2000 year). Report on theme 01423412870. Ministry of Natural Resources, Irkutsk, East-Siberian Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources, pp. 104, In Russian.2000.

Kravchinsky, V.A., K.M. Konstantinov, and J.-P. Cogné, Palaeomagnetic study of Vendian and Early Cambrian rocks of South Siberia and Central Mongolia: was the Siberian platform assembled at this time? Precambrian Research, 110 (1-4), 61-92, 2001.

Kravchinsky, V.A., K.M. Konstantinov, J.I. Savrasov, and A.N. Zhitkov. Paleomagnetic dating studies of kimberlites of Sredne-Markha and Malo-Botuoba areas. Final results for pipes Botuabinskaya and Mir, and preliminary data for pipes Nyurbinskaya and International (after results of paleomagnetic studies for 1997-2000 year). Report on theme 01423419857. Ministry of Natural Resources, Irkutsk, East-Siberian Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources, pp. 183, In Russian.2000.

Kravchinsky, V.A., K.M. Konstantinov, J.-P. Cogné, N. Halim, and M.Z. Khuzin, To obtain paleomagnetic poles of East Siberia for purpose of geodynamic model developing. Results of paleomagnetic studies for 1998-1999. Report on theme 01423412821. Ministry of Natural Resources, Irkutsk, East-Siberian Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources, pp. 90, In Russian.1999.

Kravchinsky, V.A., K.M. Konstantinov, V. Courtillot, J.-P. Valet, J.I. Savrasov, S.D. Cherniy, S.G. Mishenin, and B.S. Parasotka. Palaeomagnetism of East Siberian traps and kimberlites: two new poles and palaeogeographic reconstructions at about 360 and 250 Ma. Geophysical Journal International, v. 148, 1-33, 2002.

Kravchinsky, V.A., M.A. Krainov, M.E. Evans, J.A. Peck, J.W. King, M.I. Kuzmin, H. Sakai, T. Kawai and D.W. Williams, Magnetic record of Lake Baikal sediments: chronological and paleoclimatic implications for the last 6.7 Ma, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, in press, 2003.

Kravchinsky, V.A., M.A. Krainov, M.E. Evans, J.A. Peck, J.W. King, M.I. Kuzmin, H. Sakai, T. Kawai, and D. Williams. Magnetic record of Lake Baikal sediments: chronological and paleoclimatic implication for the last 6.7 Ma, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, in press, 2003.

Kravchinsky-Vadim-A; Konstantinov-Konstantin-M; Palaeomagnetism of East Siberian traps and kimberlites; two new poles and palaeogeographic reconstructions at about 360 and 250 Ma. Geophysical Journal International. 148; 1, Pages 1-33. 2002.

Kuzmin, M.I., E.B. Karabanov, T. Kawai, D. Williams, V. Bychinsky, E. Kerber, V. Kravchinsky, E. Bezrukova, A. Prokopenko, V. Geletii, G. Kalmychkov, A. Goreglyad, V. Antipin, M.Yu. Khomutova, N. Soshina, E. Ivanov, G. Khursevich, L. Tkachenko, E.P. Solotchina, N. Ioshida, and A. Gvozdkov. Deep Drilling on Lake Baikal: Main results. Russian Geology and Geophysics, v.42, #1-2, 8-34, In Russian and English.2001.

Lagroix, F. & Borradaile, G. J. , Magnetic fabric interpretation complicated by inclusions in mafic silicates. Tectonophysics, 325: 207-225.2000.

Lagroix, F. & Borradaile, G. J., Tectonics of the Circum-Troodos Sedimentary Cover of Cyprus, from Rock Magnetic and Structural Observations. J. Structural Geol., 22: 453-469.2000.

Larsen-C-P-S; Morris-W-A; MacDonald-G-M, Records of geomagnetic secular variation since 1200 AD and the potential for chronological control of lake sediments in northern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 37; 12, Pages 1711-1722. 2000.

Lewchuk, Michael T; Al, Aasm Ihsan S; Symons, David T A; Gillen, Kevin P Late Laramide dolomite recrystallization of the Husky Rainbow "A" hydrocarbon Devonian reservoir, northwestern Alberta, Canada; paleomagnetic and geochemical evidence. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37; 1, Pages 17-29. 2000.

Lian, O.B., R.W. Barendregt, and R.J. Enkin, "Lithostratigraphy and paleomagnetism of pre-Fraser glacial deposits in south-central British Columbia", Canadian J. Earth Sci., 36, 1357-1370, 1999.

Lowe, C., R.J. Enkin, and L.C. Struik, "Tertiary extension in the central British Columbia Intermontane Belt: magnetic and paleomagnetic constraints from the Endako region", Canadian J. Earth Sci., 38, 657-678, 2001.

Macouin, M., J.P. Valet, J. Besse, K. Buchan, R. Ernst, M. LeGoff, U. Scharer Low paleointensities recorded in 1 to 2.4 Ga Proterozoic dykes, Superior Province, Canada: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, in press.2003

MacDonald, W.D., Palmer, H.C., and Hayatsu, A., Structural rotation and volcanic source implications of magnetic data from Eocene volcanic rocks, SW Idaho, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 156: 225-237.1998.

Mahaney, W.C., R.W. Barendregt, V. Kalm "Dating Methods" Encyclopedia of Global Change: Environmental Change and Human Society , Andrew S. Goudie, Univ. of Oxford, Editor in Chief, Oxford U. Press, p. 234-241.2002

Maher, L., Borradaile, G. J., Stewart, J.D. & O'Connor, M., Primary or secondary insertion of the Romanesque Frieze at Lincoln Cathedral, England? Magnetic considerations. Archaeometry, 42: 225-236.2000.

Mcardle, N., Halls, H.C., Gratton, M., Hill, M. & Shaw, J. A comparative study of microwave and Thellier paleointensities from Proterozoic dykes. Abstract 27th General Assembly, European Geophysical Society, Nice, France, 2003.

McCausland, P.J.A. and Hodych, J.P.. Paleomagnetism of the 550Ma Skinner Cove volcanics of western Newfoundland and the opening of the Iapetus Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 163, p.15-29. 1998

Mejia, V., R.W. Barendregt, and N.D. Opdyke "Paleosecular variation of Brunhes age lava flows from British Columbia, Canada", Geochemistry, Geophysics and Geosystems (An Electronic Journal of the Earth Sciences). V. 3, No. 12, p. 1-14.2002

Mège, D., R.E. Ernst Contractional effects of mantle plumes on Earth, Mars and Venus, In: Ernst, R.E. and Buchan, K.L. (eds.) Mantle Plumes: Their Identification Through Time, Geological Society of America Special Paper 352, pp. 103-140.(2001)

Mertanen-S; Halls-H-C; Vuollo-Jouni-I; Pesonen-L-J; Stepanov-V-S, Paleomagnetism of 2.44 Ga mafic dykes in Russian Karelia, eastern Fennoscandian Shield; implications for continental reconstructions. Precambrian Research. 98; 3-4, Pages 197-221. 1999.

Mishenin-Sergey-G; Parasotka-Boris-S Geophysical Journal International. 148; 1, Pages 1-33. 2002.

Morris, W.A., Paleomagnetism of Carboniferous sediments from the Stellarton Gap Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v.39(10), p.1527-1540. 2002

Mustard, P.S., D.C. Katnick, J. Baker, R.J. Enkin; J.B. Mahoney, "Multidisciplinary studies of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group, Hornby and Denman islands, British Columbia", in Current Research 1999-A; Geological Survey of Canada, 231-238, 1999.

Muxworthy, A. R., and D. J. Dunlop, First-order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams for pseudo-single-domain magnetites at high temperatures. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 203, 369-382.2002.

Muxworthy, A. R., D. J. Dunlop, and Ö. Özdemir, Low-temperature cycling of isothermal and anhysteretic remanence: microcoercivity and magnetic memory. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 205, 173-184. 2003.

Muxworthy, A. R., D. J. Dunlop, and W. Williams, High-temperature magnetic stability of small magnetite particles. J. Geophys. Res. 108, in press. doi:10.1029/ 2002JB002195, 2003.

Nakamura, N. & Borradaile, G. J., Strain, anisotropy of anhysteretic remanence, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility in a slaty tuff. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 125: 85-93.2001.

Nakamura, N. & Borradaile, G. J., Do reduction spheroids predate finite strain? A magnetic diagnosis of Cambrian slates in North Wales. Tectonophysics, 304: 133-139.2001.

Nakamura, N., Hirose, T., & Borradaile, G. J., Laboratory verification of submicron magnetite production in pseudotachylites: relevance for paleointensity studies. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 201: 13-18.2002.

Nitescu, B. and Halls, H.C. A gravity profile across the southern Saganash lake fault: implications for the origin of the Kapuskasing Zone. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39: 469-480, 2002.

Osborn, G., L. Jackson Jr., R. Barendregt, R.J. Enkin, R. Young and P. Wilson, "Geologic constraints on archeological interpretations of a Late Wisconsinian site at Varsity Estates, Calgary, Alberta", Quaternary International, 68-71, 209-215, 2000.

Özdemir, Ö, and D. J. Dunlop, Thermoremanence and stable memory of single-domain hematites. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29 (18), 1877, 24-1 to 24-4. doi:10.1029/ 2002GL015597, 2002.

Özdemir, Ö. and D. J. Dunlop, Low-temperature properties of a single crystal of magnetite oriented along principal magnetic axes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 165, 229-239.1999.

Özdemir, Ö. and D. J. Dunlop, Intermediate magnetite formation during dehydration of goethite. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 177, 59-67.2000.

Özdemir, Ö., Coercive force of a single crystal of magnetite at low temperatures. Geophys. J. Int., 141, 351 - 356. 2000.

Özdemir, Ö., D.J. Dunlop and B.M. Moskowitz, Changes in remanence, coercivity and domain state at low temperature in magnetite. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 194/3-4, 343-358. 2002.

Palmer, H.C. and MacDonald, W.D. , Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility in relation to source vents of ignimbrites: empirical observations, Tectonophysics, 307:207-218.1999.

Palmer, H.C. and MacDonald, W.D., The Northeast Nevada volcanic field: magnetic properties and source implications. J. Geophys. Res., 107, B11, 2298, doi: 10.1029/2001JB000690. 2002.

Pannalal, S.J., Symons, D.T.A., and Misra K.C., 2003. Sweetwater Ba-F-Zn district, eastern Tennessee; a paleomagnetic age for dolomitization from fluid flow. Journal of Geochemiscal Exploration, (in press).

Pannalal, S.J., Symons, D.T.A., and Sangster, D.F., 2003. Paleomagnetic dating of Upper Mississippi Valley-type zinc-lead mineralization, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Journal of Applied Geophysics, in press

Rainbird, R., R.E. Ernst The sedimentary record of mantle-plume uplift, In: Ernst, R.E. and Buchan, K.L. (eds.) Mantle Plumes: Their Identification Through Time. Geological Society of America Special Paper 352, pp.227-245. 2001

Robion, P. & Borradaile, G. J., Stress remagnetization in pyrrhotite-calcite synthetic aggregates. Geophys. J. Internat., 144: 96-104.2001.

Roy, M., Clark, P.U., Barendregt, R.W., Glasmann, J.R., ENKIN, R.J., "Glacial stratigraphy and paleomagnetism of late Cenozoic deposits of the north-central U.S.", Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., accepted, 2003.

Rutter, N. W., M. E. Evans, C. D. Rokosh, E. C. Little and J. Chlachula, Correlation and interpretation of paleosols and loess across European Russia and Asia over the last interglacial-Glacial cycle, Quaternary Research, in press 2002.

Sakai, H., S. Nomura, M. Horii, K. Kashiwaya, A. Tanaka, T. Kawai, V. Kravchinsky, J. Peck, and J. King, Paleomagnetic and rock-magnetic studies on Lake Baikal sediments -BDP96 borehole at Academician Ridge. In: Lake Baikal: A mirror in time and space for understanding global change processes, ed. Minouran, K., Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 35-52, 2000.

Sakai, H., S. Nomura, S. Araki, K. Kashiwaya, Y. Tani, Y. Shibata, T. Kawai, V.A. Kravchinsky, J.A. Peck, and J.W. King. Magnetic susceptibility studies on surface sediments of Lake Baikal and Lake Biwa, Russian Geology and Geophysics, v.42, #1-2, 56-63, In Russian and English.2001.

Sakai, H., S. Nomura, V. Kravchinsky, J. Peck, J. King and T. Kawai. Paleomagnetism and paleo-environmental magnetism studied on BDP98 sedimentary cores from Lake Baikal" In: Long Continental Records from Lake Baikal. Editor: K. Kashiwaya, Springer-Verlag, in press, 2003.

Sakai, H; Nomura, S; Horii, M; Kashiwaya, K; Tanaka, A; Kawai, T; Kravchinsky, V; Peck, J; King, J Paleomagnetic and rock-magnetic studies on Lake Baikal sediments; BDP96 borehole at Academician Ridge. In: Lake Baikal; a mirror in time and space for understanding global change processes. Minoura-Koji (editor) Pages 35-52. 2000.

Smethurst, M T; Sangster, D F; Symons, D T A; Lewchuk, M T Paleomagnetic age for Zn-Pb mineralization at Robb Lake, northeastern British Columbia. In: Lithoprobe; Alberta basement transects; synthesis issue. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology. 47; 4, Pages 548-555. 1999.

Spassov, S., F. Heller, M. E. Evans, L. P. Yue. And Z. L. Ding, The Matuyama/Brunhes geomagnetic polarity transition at Lingtai and Baoji, Chinese Loess Plateau, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 26, 899-904, 2001.

Spassov, S., F. Heller, M. E. Evans, T. von Dobeneck and L. P. Yue, A lock-in model for the complex Matuyama-Brunhes boundary record of the loess/paleosol sequence at Lingtai (Central Chinese Loess Plateau), submitted to Geophysical Journal International, August 2002.

Spassov, S., F. Heller, R. Kretzschmar, M. E. Evans, L. P. Yue and D. K. Nourgaliev, Detrital and pedogenic magnetic mineral phases in the loess/paleosol sequence at Lingtai (Central Chinese Loess Plateau), submitted to Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, February 2003.

Stewart, J. D., Adams, K. R., Borradaile, G. J. and MacKenzie, A. J., Investigations of paints on ancestral puebloan black-on-white pottery using magnetic and microanalytic methods. Journal of Archaeological Science, 29: 1309-1316.2002.

Symons ,D T A Precambrian plate tectonic models; shifting the paleomagnetic paradigm for orogens such as the Trans-Hudson in Canada. In: 25 years of plate tectonics; past, present and future impacts on Earth sciences. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 23; 7-8, Pages 753-759. 1998.

Symons, D.T.A., R.J. Enkin, and M.T. Cioppa, "Paleomagnetism in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: Dating Fluid Flow and Deformation Events", Bull. Can. Petroleum Geol., 47, 534-547, 1999.

Symons, D T A; Harris, M J The approximately 1830 Ma Trans-Hudson hairpin from paleomagnetism of the Wapisu gneiss dome, Kisseynew Domain, Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37; 6, Pages 913-922. 2000.

Symons, D T A; Harris, M J; Gabites, J E; Hart, C J R Eocene (51 Ma) end to northward translation of the Coast plutonic complex; paleomagnetism and K-Ar dating of the White Pass dikes. Tectonophysics. 326; 1-2, Pages 93-109. 2000.

Symons, D T A; Lewchuk, M T Paleomagnetism of the Deschambault pegmatites; stillstand and hairpin at the end of the Paleoproterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogeny, Canada. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy. 25; 5, Pages 479-487. 2000.

Symons, D T A; Lewchuk, M T; Taylor, C D; Harris, M J Age of the sherman-type Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Mosquito Range, Colorado. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists. 95; 7, Pages 1489-1504. 2000.

Symons, D T A; Smethurst, M T; Ashton, J H Paleomagnetism of the Navan Zn-Pb deposit, Ireland. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists. 97; 5, Pages 997-1012. 2002.

Symons, D T A; Stratakos, K K Paleomagnetic dating of Alleghanian orogenesis and mineralisation in the Mascot-Jefferson City zinc district of East Tennessee, USA. Tectonophysics. 348; 1-3, Pages 51-72. 2002. PUBLISHER: Elsevier. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2002.

Symons, D T A; Symons, T B; Lewchuk, M T Paleomagnetism of post-tectonic Paleoproterozoic plutons in the Viney Lake area (NTS 65L-14), southeastern Glennie Domain, Trans-Hudson Orogen. In: Summary of investigations 1999; Volume 1, Saskatchewan Geological Survey. Pages 140-147. 1999.

Symons, D T A; Symons, T B; Sangster, D F Paleomagnetism of the Society Cliffs Dolostone and the age of the Nanisivik zinc deposits, Baffin Island, Canada. Mineralium Deposita. 35; 7, Pages 672-682. 2000.

Symons, D T A; Williams, P R; McCausland, P J A; Harris, M J; Hart, C J R; Blackburn, W H Paleomagnetism and geobarometry of the Big Creek Batholith suggests that the Yukon-Tanana Terrane has been a parautochthon since Early Jurassic. Tectonophysics. 326; 1-2, Pages 57-72. 2000. PUBLISHER: Elsevier. Amsterdam, Netherlands. 2000.

Symons, D.T.A., 2003. Age of the Navan Ireland, and East Tennessee, U.S.A., Zn-Pb deposits from paleomagnetism, and comments on the reliability of this dating method. Irish Association of Economic Geologists, in press

Symons, D.T.A., and Cioppa, M.T. The CAI and magnetic mineral unblocking temperatures: implications for the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, v. 27, 1189-1194, 2002

Symons, D.T.A., and Arne, D.C., 2003. Paleomagnetic dating of mineralization in the Kapok MVT deposit, Lennard Shelf, Western Australia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration (in press).

Szabo, E. and Halls, H.C. Basement involvement in the deformation of the Sudbury basin as revealed by paleomagnetism of the Sudbury breccia. Abstract, Geological Association of Canada Annual Meeting, Saskatoon, 2002.

Yu, Y. J., and D. J. Dunlop, Paleointensity determination on the late Precambrian Tudor Gabbro, Ontario. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 26,331-26,343.2001.

Yu, Y. J., and D. J. Dunlop, Multivectorial paleointensity determination from the Cordova Gabbro, southern Ontario. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 203, 983-998.2002.

Yu, Y. J., D. J. Dunlop, and Ö. Özdemir, Partial anhysteretic remanent magnetization in magnetite, 1. Additivity. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (B10), 2244, EPM 7-1 to 7-9. doi:10.1029/ 2001JB001249, 2002.

Yu, Y. J., D. J. Dunlop, and Ö. Özdemir, Partial anhysteretic remanent magnetization in magnetite, 2. Reciprocity. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (B10), 2245, EPM 8-1 to 8-9. doi:10.1029/ 2001JB001269, 2002.

Yu, Y. J., D. J. Dunlop, and Ö. Özdemir, Are ARM and TRM analogs? Thellier analysis of ARM and pseudo-Thellier analysis of TRM. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 205, 325-336.2003.

Yu, Y. J., D. J. Dunlop, and Ö. Özdemir, Effect of low-temperature treatment on pseudo-Thellier paleointensity determination in magnetite. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (B4), 2198, EPM 8-1 to 8-7. doi:10.1029/2002JB002138, 2003.

Yu, Y. J., D. J. Dunlop, and Ö. Özdemir, On the resolution of multivectorial remanences. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 208, 13-26.2003.

Yu, Y. J., D. J. Dunlop, and Ö. Özdemir, Testing the independence law of partial ARMs: Implications for paleointensity determination. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 208, 27-39.2003.

Yu, Y. J., D. J. Dunlop, Ö. Özdemir, and H. Ueno, Magnetic properties of Kurokami pumices from Mt. Sakurajima, Japan. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 192, 439-446.2001.

Yu, Y .J., D. J. Dunlop, L. Pavlish, and M. Cooper, Archeomagnetism of Ontario potsherds from the last 2000 years. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 19,419-19,433.2000.

5. SPACE PHYSICS

PART A. ATMOSPHERIC STUDIES

The impact of SCOSTEP's STEP (1990-1998) and of the new S-RAMP, PSMOS, and EPIC programs (1998-2002) were very empowering for the Atmospheric Sciences community. Several Canadians were involved with the administration of these e.g. Gordon Shepherd and Alan Manson. The CNSR (1991-95) Network allowed for the development of several ground-based instruments which have made global/international links more effective.

These systems have also played a role in CEDAR programs, which are very complementary with the SCOSTEP activities. Linkages with the Canadian Space Agency's (CSA) satellite systems e.g. WINDII, Odin-OSIRIS, MOPITT, ACE (discussed below) and the CSA's Space Science Program, are providing powerful synergistic opportunities, which are now complemented by the Canadian GCM Model (CMAM) and growing related linkages with the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC).

PSMOS (Planetary Scale Mesopause Observing System) (Dr. Gordon Shepherd,

Co-Chair, York University) was a SCOSTEP project dedicated to the organization of ground-stations worldwide along with modeling, to describe planetary scale disturbances near the mesopause and to resolve the various wave scales of perturbations into their components. Ground stations at the same latitude that are well distributed in longitude can resolve such features that are aliased by satellite observations. The PSMOS 2000 Workshop was held at the University of Toronto May 23-26 with 80 participants from 17 countries.

Thirty-one manuscripts were submitted for a special issue of the JASTP, which appeared in a single volume as the May-July, 2002 issues. The next PSMOS meeting was held in conjunction with the 10th Quadrennial STP Symposium in Boulder, June 18-22, 2001, and the final symposium for PSMOS was held in Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, October 4-8, 2002. There were 72 participants from 14 countries, with 55 oral presentations and 37 poster papers. The transition to the new SCOSTEP Project called CAWSES was discussed, and most participants will be involved in the Atmospheric Coupling theme of that new Project, to start in 2004. Again, about thirty papers will be published in a Special Issue of the Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics.

Research activity is presented below at Universities from western toward eastern Canada.

University of Saskatchewan (Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, ISAS) (1. 2.)

1. Dynamics/MF radars (MFR)

(Alan Manson, Chris Meek, Yi Luo, Tatyana Chshyolkova, et al)

The Group now operates three MFR systems: at Tromso (in collaboration with the Universities of Tromso and Nagoya) where it is collocated (70N) with EISCAT at Ramfjordmoen, and is being used for studies of turbulence, gravity, tidal and planetary waves, and for ALOMAR collaborations; at Platteville, near Boulder (40N), along with other CEDAR systems, as a joint venture with the University of Colorado; and at Saskatoon (52N) along with a SATI (Spectral Airglow Temperature Imager, OH and O2 lines). The Saskatoon and Platteville radars along with London (43N), Wakkanai (45N) and Yamagawa (31N) form the unique CUJO network, which allows for longitudinal/latitudinal studies of tides, planetary and gravity waves. It has been shown that the variations of the wave-climatologies with longitude are very significant, often exceeding latitudinal variations. Related non-migrating tidal components are being studied using observations from the MFRs, the UARS-HRDI satellite, and models (below). The Tromso MFR is a part of the longitudinal DATAR network, which includes eight radars in the 65-80N Arctic region. Studies there have shown regional differences between the MFRs at Tromso and Andenes and the Meteor radar at Esrange that are also interestingly large. A major theme continues to be detailed comparisons between models of the tides and planetary waves (e.g. Global Scale Wave Model, GSWM, Drs. Maura Hagan and Jeffrey Forbes, Boulder; and the Canadian CMAM, Dr. Ted Shepherd, PI) and a latitudinal network of radars (equator to Arctic). While there is useful realism in these models, the substantial differences require that tidal sources and gravity wave parameterizations continue to be improved.

http://www.usask.ca/physics/isas/

2. OSIRIS (Odin satellite)

(Ted Llewellyn, Doug Degenstein, Richard Gattinger, Jack McConnell, Ian McDade, Wayne Evans, Brian Solheim and Kim Strong et al.)

The work on this program (Dr.Ted Llewellyn P.I. and co-I's) has continued. The Odin satellite was launched in February 2001 and after a six month commissioning period the OSIRIS instrument entered its normal operational mode and has remained there since with no degradation of performance. The data collected by the OSIRIS spectrograph have been used to determine vertical ozone, NO2 and aerosol density profiles. The retrieval technique for stratospheric ozone from 15 km to 35 km has recently been validated. Analysis of the spectrograph data that was collected during the Antarctic ozone hole splitting that was seen in September, 2002 is on-going. The OSIRIS spectrograph has also demonstrated that Polar Mesospheric Clouds, when viewed in the limb, can be optically thick. The analysis of the data that are collected by the OSIRIS InfraRed Imager is fully underway. The tomographic retrieval technique has been successfully employed to determine high spatial resolution two-dimensional volume emission rate profiles of the Oxygen InfraRed Atmospheric band and the OH Meinel bands in both the day and night. These high spatial resolution retrievals will be used to infer mesospheric ozone and atomic hydrogen amounts as well as information about the dynamical processes in the mesosphere. Another useful product that is also developed from the InfraRed Imager data is height distribution maps of high altitude sub-visual cirrus clouds in the equatorial regions. Work is also progressing, in collaboration with the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), to test the possibility of assimilating the Odin's ozone data using the Canadian weather forecasting or general circulation model (CMAM below) models. During 2002-2003 there have also been on-going efforts to include the instrument in other satellite missions.

http://www.usask.ca/physics/isas/

University of Western Ontario (UWO) (3. 4. 5.)

3. VHF Radars, Meteor radars, (Wayne Hocking) and MF radars (John MacDougall and Wayne Hocking)

The networks of radars operated by Hocking has continued to expand. Meteor radars now exist fulltime at Resolute Bay (75N), Yellowknife (61N), London (Ont.) (43N), and Socorro (34N), and plans are underway for a new facility in Costa Rica. In addition, close ties exist with the Maui radar operated by Steven Franke (University of Illinois) in Hawaii. These will give substantial equator to pole coverage. The radars routinely record both winds and temperatures, and the data base now stretches back about 8 years. Further developments of the temperature-measurement capabilities for these radars have been carried out, and there have been intensive comparisons with optical temperature-determination instruments at a variety of sites. A key recent result has been the development of techniques to measure temperature-tides with meteor radars, giving these radars a very unique capability. Wind measurements with lidars at Albuquerque (NM) and Maui have been compared with the radar winds, and agreement has been excellent, up to 98 km altitude.

In addition, work has continued with Prof. John MacDougall using data from the London MF radar; these data have also been used in collaborations with Prof. Alan Manson and his students at Saskatoon in studies of planetary waves (2-27d periods)and various other dynamical phenomena.

In regard to lower atmosphere studies, funding has recently been granted for the construction of a network of 9 additional Windprofiler radars in the Ontario/Quebec region, and these will be important for studies of stratospheric and tropospheric dynamics, as well as troposphere-stratosphere exchange. It is also intended to examine the improvements in weather forecasting that can be achieved by incorporating these data on a real-time basis into a 4 dimensional variational analysis model. The more northern systems of this network will also be used to study the southward encroachment of polar mesosphere summer echoes.

4. Gravity wave Imager and Mapper (GWIM)

(R.P. Lowe and P.S. Argall)

The Gravity Wave Imager and Mapper (GWIM) is a proposed nadir-looking satellite instrument imaging natural airglow emissions. Fluctuations in the intensity of these emissions will be used to infer gravity wave (GW) spectra. GWIM will provide broad area GW horizontal wavenumber spectra for horizontal wavelengths between ~5 and 180 km. GWIM will image two vertically separated airglow layers, the O2 Atmospheric (0-0) band night airglow layer at ~92 km (centred at ~ 763 nm) and the OH (9-6) band at ~87 km (centred at ~1400 nm). While imaging a single airglow layer will yield GW horizontal wavelengths, inter-comparison of the wave structures measured in the two layers will allow the vertical wavelength determination and thus the wave energy and momentum to be determined. The GWIM concept has been developed in conjunction with EMS Technologies of Ottawa, Canada.

A Canadian Space Agency (CSA) Phase A study for GWIM was completed in March 2003. Continuation to Phase B of the project is awaiting CSA approval. GWIM is baselined for deployment on the Brazilian platform EQUARS, which is scheduled for launch in mid 2006. This satellite is dedicated of observations of Earth's atmosphere.

5. The Purple Crow Lidar (PCL)

(Robert Sica et al.)

The PCL is a monostatic system which simultaneously measures temperature using vibration Raman-scattering (from molecular nitrogen), Rayleigh-scatter and sodium resonance fluorescence scatter from 10 to 105 km altitude, as well as composition of water vapour from the surface to the middle stratosphere. The PCL is particularly well suited for high temporal-spatial studies of gravity waves, due in part to the use of 2.65m diameter liquid mirror and a high power transmitter. Routine measurements of Rayleigh-scatter temperatures and water vapour mixing ratio are continuing. The evolution of the gravity wave spectrum in time and space has been shown to be highly intermittent. Particular attention has been given to measurements of intermittency in mesospheric inversion layers. These inversions are at times extremely short lived and associated with the breaking of individual gravity waves, while at other times the inversions are persistent for hours and appear to be associated with the tides.

Simultaneous radiosonde measurements are being compared to the lidar's temperature and water vapour measurements.

http://pcl.physics.uwo.ca/

University of Waterloo

6. ACE

(Peter Bernath, Jack McConnell, Jim Drummond et al.)

ACE is the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment for the "Canadian Scientific Satellite", SCISAT-1. The goal of ACE is to study the chemistry and dynamics of ozone depletion in the stratosphere, with a particular emphasis on the Arctic. A high-resolution (0.02 cm-1) infrared Fourier transform spectrometer, augmented by dual filtered solar imagers, will be launched into low earth orbit in summer 2003. The Fourier transform spectrometer will cover the 750-4100 cm-1 region and the imagers will operate at 0.525 and 1.02 microns. ACE will measure solar occultation spectra of a suite of about 30 atmospheric molecules as well as aerosols and clouds. ABB-Bomem has built the infrared spectrometer and imagers, and Bristol Aerospace has made the satellite bus. In order to extend the wavelength coverage, a second scientific instrument has been added to SCISAT, called MAESTRO (Measurements of Atmospheric Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere, Tom McElroy, P.I.). MAESTRO is a UV-Visible diode array spectrometer which measures atmospheric extinction in the range 285-1030 nm at 1-2 nm resolution using two spectrometers. The primary measurement mode is by solar occultation using the same suntracker as the FTS instrument, but backscatter measurements are also possible. The instrument will measure ozone concentrations, aerosol extinction and other trace gases as part of the SCISAT mission.

York University (7. 8. 9. 10. 11.)

7. CRESS Lidars

Following Allan Carswell's retirement from York University, the CRESTech Lidar Laboratory has been closed. The equipment has been transferred by CRESTech and MSC to York University, which is planning to re-activate the laboratory within CRESS. James Whiteway, currently at the University of Wales, has been appointed to a CRC chair at York University, and will take up the position on July 1, 2003. He will re-activate this laboratory. In the meantime, the laboratory is being maintained with the support of MSC and being used by them as a training facility for the stratospheric Astrolab observatory, operated by David Wardle's group at Eureka. This is a station in the NDSC (Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change), whose archival data may be found at http://www.ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/. It has now produced more than eight winters (November to March) of excellent lidar data on stratospheric ozone, aerosol, temperature and gravity waves at Eureka, 80 degrees N. This observatory has not been operational for the last two winters but re-activation is being assessed by a research group headed by Professor Jim Drummond at the University of Toronto.

8. Optical Measurement Systems

(Gordon Shepherd, Bill Gault, Brian Solheim, Stephen Brown and Stoyan Sargoytchev)

Rudy Wiens took early retirement from York University and is now with the University of Asmara in Asmara, Eritrea, where he is operating an all-sky imager. The SATI (OH and O2 rotational temperatures) instrument has been moved to the University of Saskatchewan, in collaboration with Alan Manson. The technical capability has been enhanced by the establishment of a CRESS Space Instrumentation Laboratory under the direction of Dr. Brian Solheim. This laboratory built two SATI instruments for Dr. Young-In Won of the Polar Research Center, Korea Ocean Research Development Institute, in Seoul, Korea. One of these has been installed in the NSF Polar Cap Observatory at Resolute Bay, 74.9 N. It measures rotational temperatures from the O2 (Atm) (0,1) band and the OH Meinel (6,2) band, with exposure times of 2 minutes.

The E-Region Wind Interferometer (ERWIN) is a field-widened Michelson

interferometer which has been measuring winds near the mesopause from Resolute Bay since 1992. Like SATI, it is operated remotely through a telephone link from Toronto. It determines the wind at three altitudes by measuring the Doppler shifts of the OI 557.7 nm, OH (6,2) and O2 Atm (0,1) nighttime airglow emissions, with a time resolution of 20 minutes and a wind precision of about 3 m/s. When a single emission is observed, the time resolution can be as low as 4 minutes. A comparison of ERWIN's winds with those of the University of Michigan's Fabry-Perot spectrometer at Resolute shows excellent agreement. It is interesting that the wind perturbations are dominated by 12-hr waves, as well as those at 8 hrs, while the temperature perturbations are often dominated by 4-hour waves. The character of these waves is being studied with these two instruments, along with WINDII (see below), and soon, with the TIDI instrument from the TIMED satellite.

9. Optical Investigation of Regional Scale Atmospheric Motion and its Influences

(Marianna G. Shepherd, PI).

In November 2000 a NATO Collaborative Linkage Grant was awarded to a team including scientists from Bulgaria, Canada, the Republic of Georgia, Kazakhstan and Spain. The goal of this project was to lay the foundation for a network of five ground-based stations situated at middle latitudes in the Northern hemisphere (40-45N) for optical observations of the upper mesosphere and the mesopause region. Airglow emissions and temperature were proposed to be measured by making use of existing airglow sites as well as creating new sites and upgrading technological capabilities whenever possible to study middle and upper atmosphere dynamics. The proposed research was in the context of the international PSMOS (Planetary Scale Mesopause Observing System) project. In the first year of the project a great part of the effort was directed toward accessing the level of observation activity in each of the partner countries, establishing standard formats for observations and data analysis and identifying periods for joint observation campaigns. There were some logistical problems, specific for each of the teams involved, concerning suitable weather condition for the ground-based observations, the availability of technically reliable observation equipment, availability or rather the lack of technical support and personnel. However all team members were very dedicated, motivated and resourceful in solving their problems. The second year of the CLG project was marked by regular observations at all sites of the CLG project and a much closer collaboration. Three observation campaigns were carried out and two workshops were held, in Varna, Bulgaria (Sept 3-6, 2001) and Tbilisi, Georgia (June 3-8, 2002). The results presented at the Workshops in Varna and Tbilisi and the work in progress have yielded very interesting results which are currently in preparation for publication in scientific journals. Some of these results were also presented at the PSMOS Workshop held in Foz do Iguaçu Brazil October 4-8, 2002. In November 2002 the project was successfully completed. After a submission of a new proposal to NATO, in December 2002 a new CLG was awarded to the same team for the period 2003-2004, under the title "Optical investigation of regional scale atmospheric motions and their influence on the mesosphere/lower thermosphere/ionosphere region".

10. WINDII on UARS

(Gordon Shepherd et al.)

The WIND Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite continues to perform well after more than eleven years of operation, and a tenth anniversary celebration was held in October, 2001. Brian Solheim (York) continues to manage the operations and data analysis while Bill Gault (York) continues as instrument scientists. Ding Yi Wang (CRESTech) completed an empirical wind model, a study of planetary waves and an investigation of horizontal wave number spectra of winds and temperatures in WINDII data. William Ward (formerly CRESTech, now at the University of New Brunswick) developed a model for the prediction of the influence of tides on emission rates. Analysis of OH data continues at UWO (Bob Lowe), including the determination of atomic oxygen concentration; Stella Melo (formerly UWO, now at Univ. of Toronto) investigated tidal influence and double-layers in the OH emission. Shengpan Zhang collaborated with Ray Roble (HAO/NCAR) on the comparison of TIME-GCM predictions of the tidal influence on emission rates and did case studies of the influence of geomagnetic storms on high latitude winds. She is currently working under a CFCAS grant, studying the role of the mesosphere in climate studies, using WINDII data. Marianna Shepherd (York University) investigated tidal perturbations in Rayleigh scattering temperatures from WINDII data, the global temperature distribution, and also the equinox transition. She conducted an investigation of tides by using IAP Kuhlungsborn lidar data in combination with WINDII data. Wayne Evans (Trent University) continues to study polar mesospheric clouds and polar stratospheric clouds from WINDII data. Bela Fejer and John Emmert (Utah State University) have investigated climatological disturbance winds in the thermosphere. Still under investigation are the influence of stratospheric warmings, and the solar cycle influence on the daytime greenline emission.

http://www.windii.yorku.ca/ or http://www.trentu.ca/academic/windii/

11. SWIFT (Stratospheric Wind Interferometer For Transport studies)

(Ian McDade, Bill Gault, Yves Rochon, Gordon Shepherd, et al.)

SWIFT is a satellite instrument designed to measure winds in the stratosphere from 15 to 45 km using an imaging Doppler approach similar to that used by WINDII on UARS for thermospheric winds. SWIFT was originally submitted to ESA's Earth Explorer Opportunity Mission competition in 1998 and subsequently selected by Japan's NASDA for deployment on their GCOM-A1 (Global Change Observing Mission) satellite now renamed GOSAT (Greenhouse gas Observation SATellite). SWIFT has now completed Phase A studies supported by both the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The CSA will soon start on Phase B studies for a scheduled launch of SWIFT on GOSAT in 2008. The effort is now led by Ian McDade at York University with major contributions from industry (EMS Technologies, Canada), the University of Toronto (Theodore Shepherd and Charles McLandress) and the Meteorological Service of Canada (Yves Rochon).

University of Toronto (12. 13. 14.)

12. The Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM)

(Ted Shepherd et al.)

An extended version of the model with a lid at 200 km has recently been documented (Fomichev et al. 2002 J. Geophys. Res.), and will allow new analyses of phenomena in the critical upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere region and their coupling to the troposphere. For example, the mechanisms behind the observed semiannual variation in the amplitude of the propagating diurnal tide have been assessed; at least in CMAM, this variation is due to a combination of variations in the background wind and in the tropospheric forcing, rather than to variations in gravity-wave drag or dissipation, as has been sometimes argued in the past (McLandress 2002 J.Atmos. Sci.). This sensitivity of the tidal amplitude at mesopause heights to middle atmosphere winds would explain the apparent QBO signal in tidal amplitudes, and this hypothesis has been confirmed with a version of CMAM that exhibits a QBO-like oscillation (McLandress 2002 GRL). A recent study involving John Koshyk and Prof. Alan. Manson's group at the University of Saskatchewan has compared the gravity-wave (GW) structures, mean winds, and thermal tides with those observed by MFR radars from Xmas Island to Tromso (Manson et al. 2002 Ann.Geophys., JASTP). The global tides were shown to be very realistic (especially the 12 h) and their sensitivity to the GW parameterization was demonstrated. This process-based comparison is continuing. Other comparisons are developing between CMAM scientists and the groups of Profs. R. Sica at UWO and K. Strong at the University of Toronto. The CMAM is also being used to do advance studies to aid in the interpretation of future satellite measurements from Odin, ACE, and SWIFT; for example, calculations by Charles McLandress have helped to define the mission requirements for SWIFT. The evolution of the CMAM middle atmosphere data assimilation scheme is proceeding well, and will soon be producing a regular analysis which will enable direct comparison of CMAM with observations on a particular day. Even though only dynamical fields are assimilated at this point, the model is run with fully interactive chemistry and thus a chemical analysis is produced. Furthermore, the dynamics of the model propagate measurements in the troposphere and stratosphere up into the mesosphere. The combination of interactive chemistry and the high model top make this system unique in the world, and provides an important resource to the Canadian observational community.

http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/MAM/home.html

13. MANTRA and Ground-Based UV-Visible and Infrared Spectroscopy

(Kim Strong, et al.)

MANTRA (Middle Atmosphere Nitrogen TRend Assessment, Kimberly Strong, P.I.) is a balloon mission to investigate the changing chemical balance of the mid-latitude stratosphere, focussing on ozone, and nitrogen and chlorine compounds that play a role in ozone chemistry. Three high-altitude balloons have been successfully launched from Vanscoy, Saskatchewan in the late summers of 1998, 2000, and 2002. A fourth flight is planned for 2004. The MANTRA Science Team includes Co-Investigators C.T. McElroy (MSC, EC Lead Scientist), P. Bernath (U of Waterloo), J.R. Drummond (U of Toronto), H. Fast (MSC), J.C. McConnell (York U), B.M. Quine (York U), T.G. Shepherd (U of Toronto), B. Solheim (York U), P. Fogal (U of Denver), F. Murcray (U of Denver), F. Goutail (CNRS, France), and Industrial Partner D. Sommerfeldt of Scientific Instrumentation Ltd. (Saskatoon). MANTRA is supported by the Canadian Space Agency, MSC, the National Granting Agency (NSERC), and CRESTech.

A portable ground-based UV-visible zenith-sky spectrometer has been assembled at the University of Toronto, and deployed on five Arctic field campaigns (1999-2003) and the three MANTRA campaigns. Four of the former were at Environment Canada's Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Observatory (ASTRO) at Eureka, Nunavut (80N), complementing the measurements made by the lidars and infrared spectrometers installed there. This instrument has been used to measure vertical columns of ozone and NO2, and has demonstrated that vertical profiles of NO2 can be retrieved. The measurements made with this instrument are being used to address the issues of Arctic ozone depletion and the mechanisms for mid-latitude ozone loss.

A Bomem DA8 high-resolution Fourier transform infrared spectrometer has been recently installed at the new University of Toronto's Atmospheric Observatory. Continuous measurements of solar absorption spectra were started in October 2001. The instrument can detect the absorption lines of numerous molecules and isotopes, including ozone, chlorine reservoirs, nitrogen- and carbon-containing compounds, and dynamical tracers. It will be used for the long-term measurement of stratospheric and tropospheric trace gases, urban pollution and mid-latitude atmospheric chemistry studies, and satellite data validation.

http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/MANTRA/home.html

14. MOPITT, University of Toronto (PI)

(Jim Drummond, Jack McConnell, Doug Degenstein, et al.)

MOPITT is the Measurements of Pollution In The Troposphere experiment. It is making some of the first space-based measurements of carbon monoxide and methane in the lower atmosphere. These measurements are important to our understanding of pollution and climate effects. The mission is a collaboration of Canada and the US with a science team drawn from both countries and the UK. The instrument was constructed in Canada by a group of Canadian companies led by COMDEV. The instrument was launched on NASA's "Terra" satellite as part of the "Earth Observing System" on 18th December 1999. The instrument has completed over three years of successful operation. Validated data for the first 16 months of carbon monoxide measurements have been released. A problem with the detector cooling system has led to some restriction in the data after July 2001, but good data are still being produced. Data are available from the Langley Distributed Active Archive Center. The projected satellite lifetime is at least five years.

http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/MOPITT/home.html

Trent University

15. Optical and IR Investigations

(W.F.J. Evans, C. Ferguson)

There were a variety of activities: developed a sealed gas cell of ozone for characterization of satellite and ground based instruments for measurements of total ozone; conducted further characterization measurements of the OSIRIS instrument for ODIN flight at Toulouse before launch (the gas cell was further used in characterization of ACE FTS and MAESTRO spectrograph on ACE at U of Toronto); developed the Canadian plan for validation of the OSIRIS and SCR instruments on ODIN satellite; developed a new technique for ground based remote sensing measurements of carbon monoxide altitude profiles and conducted ground truth measurements for MOPITT; flew aircraft flights with FTS in AIRS 1 aircraft project for cloud spectral studies and for nadir remote sensing of air pollutants on the PACIFIC2001 project.

CONCLUSION: The activity in Canada is vigorous, collaborative and creative. The programs and key workers mentioned above represent a large community which is engaged fully with national and international programs and networks. Scientists are pursuing satellite-flight opportunities. The activities of SCOSTEP with the new CAWSES (Climate and Weather of the Sun Earth System) will strongly enhance Canadian research. Collaborations with the Canadian Space Agency (CSA, Space Science Program; Dr. David Kendall, Director, Science Program Development; http://www.space.gc.ca) and the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), are strong and effective in integrating and developing the scientific resources within ground-based, satellite and modelling activities.

Compiled by Dr. Alan Manson, May 2003

ISAS, University of Saskatchewan,

(Member of 'Space and Atmospheric Environments Advisory Committee' (SAEAC) of the Canadian Space Agency; CNC for SCOSTEP).

PART B SPACE PLASMA RESEARCH

Canadian researchers are active in many areas of space plasma physics research. Major centers of research are found in several universities, notably the University of Calgary, University of Alberta, and University of Saskatchewan. Significant research activity is also present in Athabasca University, University of Victoria, University of New Brunswick (Fredericton), University of Western Ontario, University of British Columbia, and Memorial University of Newfoundland. Communications Research Centre, Geological Survey of Canada (Geomagnetic Laboratory), and Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics are the government research organizations where space plasma physics research is a significant activity. Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), and Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI) are major funding agencies for space science.

Major research activities in the reporting period are summarized below.

1. Sounding Rocket Experiments

(David Knudsen, Andrew Yau, Jonathan Burchill, et al.)

Canadian scientists launched or made key contributions to 4 sounding rocket experiments in the reporting period. The foremost among these is the GEODESIC sounding rocket experiment launched in February 2000 (D. Knudsen, PI). GEODESIC (Geo-electrodynamic and Electro-optical Detection of Electron and Suprathermal Ion Currents) was a multi-payload space plasma experiment launched on a Bristol Aerospace's Black Brant XII rocket and reached an altitude above 900 km. The major scientific objective of the experiment was to detect and characterize in-situ the signatures of wave-particle interactions which play a key role in the energization of space plasmas in the upper atmosphere. The experiment has met this major goal with the detection and 2D phase-space characterization of over 100 "ion-cavities" around which particle energization was evident. The electron imaging instrument (TEI) ceased operation prematurely due to a mechanical problem with the rocket, but an international collaboration created through GEODESIC mission will soon afford another opportunity for TEI to demonstrate its power and scientific value (see discussion related to CUSP 2001). The GEODESIC science team led by Dr. D. Knudsen of University of Calgary has presented the preliminary results of the GEODESIC experiment at international conferences, and attracted considerable interest of the scientific community. The success of GEODESIC contributed to the selection of two NASA sounding rocket experiments, CUSP2002 (launched December 2002) and JOULE (launched March 2003). The University of Calgary Group led by D. Knudsen contributed the SEI and SII instruments to these experiments. The CUSP2002 experiment was a dayside repeat of GEODESIC, with attention primarily focused on the critical magnetospheric cusp region, where the solar wind energy makes its first entry into the magnetosphere. JOULE was a lower-altitude rocket, with the primary attention on the nature of Joule heating in the ionosphere F region. It has been suggested that estimate based on remote sensing techniques could underestimate the heating rate by a rate of up to 5, because small-scale structures could be averaged out. Joule was the first in-situ attempt to answer this question. Data from these two new experiments are being analyzed.

In December 2001, the Thermal Suprathermal Analyser instrument was launched as part of the payload on the Japanese auroral sounding rocket SS520-2. TSA is an improved version of the Thermal Plasma Analyzer (TPA) instrument (currently en route to Mars as Canada's first instrument to visit an extraterrestrial body) developed by the group led by Dr. Andrew Yau, University of Calgary. The principal interest of TSA was 2D (energy-pitch angle) distribution of ions in the 0.5-20 eV/q range with high time resolution (20 ms). High resolution measurements facilitated by TSA will help solve the mystery of ion acceleration in the topside ionosphere and provide a test flight for a key instrument on an upcoming Canadian microsatellite experiment (e-POP, see discussion below).

2. Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe Small Satellite Experiment

(A. Yau, G. James, et al.)

Understanding dynamic response to solar variability and solar wind drive has been a central theme in our field. Many key processes in the geospace transition region, where gravitational, kinetic, and electromagnetic forces compete for dominance, are poorly understood. The Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e-POP) experiment was proposed to the 2000 Canadian Space Agency Small Payload AO and was selected for joint CSA-NSERC Phase-A funding in the same year.

The ePOP collaboration involves 7 Canadian universities, 2 government laboratories and 2 international research centers, with a science team of over 20 members. The e-POP will launch 8 instruments into a polar elliptical orbit, with an apogee (perigee) of about 1500 (300) km, and an inclination of about 70(. The first scientific objective of ePOP is the understanding of the acceleration of different types of ionospheric outflow by wave-particle interaction, and whether ion outflow, through collisional and viscous forces, can launch atmospheric neutrals into escape orbit. The second scientific objective of ePOP is the use of radio waves for ionospheric mapping and tomography.

The suite of an ion rapid imaging spectrometer, a fast auroral imager, a suprathermal electron imager, a fluxgate magnetometer, the VLF band of a radio receiver and a neutral mass spectrometer (provided by the ISAS, Japan) will form the core package for the particle aspect of ePOP experiment. Combined, these instruments will provide unprecedented spatial resolution (~10 m) of particle distributions, and an imaging resolution approaching 1 km for auroras. By traversing through the region where outflow acceleration is thought to take place, the ePOP experiment is expected to shed new light on how the upper atmosphere interacts with the magnetosphere, and how mass loading from the ionosphere is related to solar and solar wind conditions.

The radio tomography part of the ePOP experiment consists of the HF band of the onboard receiver, a GPS receiver, and a UHF radio beacon (provided by the Naval Research Laboratory). The HF band receiver will intercept transmitted signals from the SuperDARN radars and ionosondes. By measuring changes in wave amplitude, polarization, and wave vector, information on the plasma irregularities in the ionosphere can be deduced, and a statistical mapping of these features can be formed over the lifetime of ePOP. The experience gained through this experiment will be valuable for the design of future satellite constellations for near real-time tomography. The GPS receiver will provide the limb view of the undulation of the top side ionosphere, as it responds to the magnetospheric driving, by measuring changes in GPS signal phase and amplitude. The onboard beacon will act effectively as a low-altitude GPS transmitter and allow large-aspect propagation with ground GPS receivers not feasible with high-orbit GPS satellite.

ePOP has an active pre-mission theory and modeling program, which will contribute to the formulation of the observation strategy to focus valuable observation and downlink time to well-defined measurements that can be readily compared to theoretical results or otherwise drive theoretical models for comparison with other data sets.

In sum, ePOP will be Canada's first space physics satellite in over 30 years and will be a significant and timely addition to the current effort to understand the Sun-Earth Connection. The ePOP Phase A study has recently been concluded, and the Canadian Space Agency is in the process of implementing the ensuing phases of this mission. The expected launch date is late 2006 or early 2007, with a nominal, but extendable, mission life time of one year. The overall mission profile gives a valuable precursor to larger constellation missions of a similar nature, such as NASA's Global Electrodynamics Connection (GEC).

3. Experiments on ISAS Missions

(A. Yau, et al.)

Canada has two experiments on two current Japanese ISAS missions, the Akebono Suprathermal Ion Mass Spectrometer (SMS) is in its 13th year of operation and has collected quantified particle and energy fluxes of outflowing ions for more than a solar cycle, a unique database of major scientific value. The Thermal Plasma Analyzer was launched in July 1998 on the Japanese Nozomi spacecraft and is presently en route to the Martian ionosphere to study plasma density, temperature, drifts and composition. TPA will be Canada's first instrument exploring an extraterrestrial planet. The CSA is also supporting a Phase A study to investigate the possibility of placing a 3D ion mass spectrometer imager on the ISAS Venus Climate Orbiter to be launched later in the decade.

4. In-situ Radio Science, Communications Research Centre

(G. James, P. Prikryl, et al.)

Direct experimentation on space plasmas using wave techniques is carried out on various topics, including ionospheric density structures and dynamics, the generation, propagation and detection of electromagnetic and electrostatic waves and wave-spacecraft interactions. The nonlinear consequences of high-amplitude RF fields are studied. Theoretical and experimental work on dc and ac probes and on antennas in magnetoplasmas are carried out. Common interests in spontaneous instabilities producing radio emissions link this part of the community with the charged-particle group mentioned above. Likewise, future experiments coordinated with ground radio facilities are sought.

Data from the very successful launch in November 1995 of the rocket OEDIPUS-C are under analysis. This featured a conducting tether linking two separated sections of the rocket payload, instrumented for wave and particle measurements. This experiment was led by Dr. H.G. James (Communications Research Centre) and involves scientists in Canada and abroad. Please see http://www.dan.sp-agency.ca/www_oedipus/oedc_over.html

5. CANOPUS Magnetometer Network

(J. C. Samson, I. R. Mann, I. Voronkov, D. Wallis, et al.)

The magnetometer array of the CANOPUS network has been a world-renowned ground-based tool for the remote-sensing of the magnetosphere and had its fingerprint in a number of recent research advances in substorm onsets, field-line resonances, and identification of acceleration mechanisms for relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt. Thanks to a recent Canada Research Chair appointment and associated CFI, Province of Alberta, and CSA funding, the CANOPUS magnetometer network is poised for a major expansion. In total, 15 fluxgate and 8 pulsation magnetometers (the latter sensitive to EMIC waves up to the frequency of several Hz) will be added to the existing 13 stations. In its final configuration, the enhanced CANOPUS magnetometer network will boast two complete chains extending from the plasmapause to the open polar cap. Combined with the NRCan's CANMOS magnetometer array, there will be nearly 50 magnetometers spreading strategically over the continent-sized landmass, allowing accurate mapping of global MHD waves and ionospheric currents. This information will in turn allow derivative information to be generated. For example, the use of cross-phase techniques will allow the density of the inner magnetosphere to be derived from the wave distributions. Also, the equatorward extension will allow CANOPUS magnetometer network to acquire the ability to probe into magnetospheric storms, something the existing CANOPUS is not equipped to do, because of latitudinal limitation. The Canadian Space Agency is planning to replace the aging real-time, communications-satellite-based data collection system, for the CANOPUS magnetometers, as well as field optical and radio instruments, in the coming years, so that increased data transmission capability can be achieved to meet the science needs.

6. NORSTAR Auroral Imaging Network

(E. Donovan, B. Jackel, J. C. Samson, L. Cogger, F. Creuzberg, et al.)

NORSTAR (PI, E. Donovan) was a Collaborative Research Opportunity (CRO) project funded by NSERC in 1999. Since then, the project has grown in scope. Since 2001, NORSTAR has received support from the CSA, to operate and upgrade the optical component of CANOPUS. Currently, there are 4 All-sky imagers, 4 Meridianal Scanning Photometers, 13 Riometers in NORSTAR. With an expected Canada Research Chair appointment in University of Calgary, the plan calls for the installation of an additional 6 ASI's and a possible deployment of new photometers to replace the current field instruments. Upon its completion, NORSTAR will cover three magnetic local times and fifteen degrees magnetic latitude. This will allow the resolution of the largest ionosphere plasma structures down to the scale of 1 km, where MHD undergoes a fundamental change in property due to nonlinearity and kinetic effects. Over the last few years, a good deal of science has been accomplished within NORSTAR. A special emphasis has placed on coordinated measurements with SuperDARN radars. By combining structural information (from optical instruments) and kinematic information (from radars), Canadian scientists have found interesting clues on how energy entry at the polar cap boundary works. NORSTAR array has also been a fundamental contributing element to the THEMIS mission recently selected as NASA's next MIDEX (see discussion on THEMIS).

7. Auroral Radars and Ionosondes

(G. Sofko, J. MacDougall, S. Kustov, Glen Hussey, J. Samson, F. Fenrich, J.-P. St. Maurice, et al.)

Canada is a key contributor to the international SuperDARN radar network. It has one fifth of the SuperDARN Science Team members, and four of the 15 operating radars on the globe (owning 2 of these). The University of Saskatchewan is the headquarters for the Canadian component of the international SuperDARN HF radar program (Canadian PI Dr. G.J. Sofko). Currently the major fields of SD research are large-scale plasma convection and field-aligned currents (G.J. Sofko, A. V. Kustov, C.-S. Huang), large-scale quasi-stationary vortices and small-scale vortices (Sofko, Huang, M. Huber) and travelling convection vortices (Kustov), sources and propagation characterisitcs of gravity waves (C.-S. Huang, G.C. Hussey, D. Andre), and meteor winds (Sofko, Hussey, Andre) in conjunction with MF radar neutral winds and tides (A. H.Manson, C.E. Meek). The use of VHF radars to study plasma wave processes in the lower E-region continues on a campaign basis (Hussey).

The compact Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosondes have been operating routinely at Eureka, Resolute Bay, Cambridge Bay and Rabbit Lake for several years (Drs. MacDougall and Jayachandran, UWO). They measure convection as well as recording standard ionograms. These measurements have resulted in some important findings about the polar cap ionosphere including gravity waves, ionospheric blobs, convection responses to IMF, and sporadic E structures. Research using SuperDARN, CADI, ground-based magnetometer and ISTP data to identify solar wind sources of ionospheric cusp convection transients and resulting ionospheric structure (polar patches) is being carried out by Dr. P. Prikryl (Communications Research Centre). Theoretical studies of auroral radar echoes are being carried out by Dr. A. Hamza (University of New Brunswick) and Dr. J.P. St.-Maurice (University of Western Ontario). Dr. Hamza is also continuing his research on ion acoustic waves in the auroral acceleration region.

Canadian scientists are spearheading an initiative to place a pair of high-latitude HF radars known as PolarDARN. By locating these radars in two very accessible Canadian sites, PolarDARN would achieve complete coverage of the polar cap. Combined with the StormDARN concept originating from the APL, the so enhanced SuperDARN array would achieve coverage from ML 55 to 90, in the North American sector, effectively achieving end-to-end monitoring capability of energy flow in the near-Earth solar wind and magnetospheric environment.

8. Theoretical and Computational Modeling of Auroral and Magnetospheric Processes

(R. Rankin, R. Marchand, I. Voronkov, St-Maurice, Hamza, et al.)

Canada's computational study of magnetospheric plasma physics is anchored by the CSA-funded Facility for Data Assimilation and Modeling (FDAM) at the University of Alberta, whereas J.-P. St-Maurice and A. Hamza perform studies of the nonlinear plasma physics manifested in the ionospheric processes. Of particular note is the collaboration between FDAM and the University of Michigan, which resulted in a MOU that ported the latter's BATS-R-US global MHD code to University of Alberta. The global code has been linked with meso-scale codes describing auroral arc generation and ponderomotive forcing. First steps have been taken to compare the model prediction with a diverse set of data, with promising results. Drs. Voronkov and Samson have developed computational codes for the treatment of a new class of ballooning instability enhanced by shear flows. R. Rankin has refined the nonlinear inertial Alfven wave mode for discrete auroral arcs, and the model is being used to help study the rich auroral structures revealed by NORSTAR. J.-P. St-Maurice and colleagues have developed a transport model on the nonlinear Farley-Buneman instability, leading to extremely field structures. J. Wanliss, R. Rankin, and J. Samson have developed a diagnostic model that can backtrace ground optical data to diagnose thin current sheet structures prior to substorm onset.

9. Geophysical Observatories

(M. Connors, D. Knudsen, T. Trondsen, et al)

In conjunction with his Canada Research Chair appointment and CFI funding, Dr. Martin Connors of Athabasca University is building a Geophysical Observatory in Athabasca, Alberta. This observatory has excellent dark-sky quality and currently houses an All-Sky Imager. Other instruments can be housed on a permanent or campaign basis. M. Connors has continued his works on inversion of magnetic data particularly in relation to Ps 6 phenomenology. He is actively investigating low-cost magnetometers for research and space weather purposes.

The former Churchill Rocket Range in Manibota offers an excellent campaign outpost. A first science expedition by Drs. Knudsen and Trondsen was carried out in 2002, where telescopic imaging of fine auroral structures yielded excellent data.

10. Solar Physics

(Ken Tapping et al.)

Currently Canada is the world's sole producer of the F10.7 data. F10.7 emission is an excellent proxy of solar magnetic activity and widely used by many researchers and prediction services around the world. The Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics has an archive of F10.7 data over five solar cycles, and initial effort has been made to study any possible correlation between the F10.7 data and the current phase of global warming, which started approximately at the time when the F10.7 begun. The Canadian Space Agency and HIA has been in discussion for a partnership to upgrade the Canadian solar observation program, so that this unique and valuable Canadian scientific resource can be brought to the information age with much enhanced interactivity and connectivity to the Geospace Monitoring, Space Weather, and international space science community at large.

11. Canadian Space Weather Forecast Service

(Richard Coles, David Boteler et al.)

Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) and the Canadian Space Agency have the joint responsibility for Canada's Space Weather program. The research activity and delivery of space weather information is currently conducted through the joint NRCan-CSA Canadian Space Weather Forecast Service (CSWFS), based in NRCan's Geomagnetic Laboratory. NRCan had one of the world's earliest operational space weather forecast services in the early 70's. Today, this Service is delivered in near real-time online (www.spaceweather.ca), with a range of functionalities, and forecast horizons. The NRCan group is also known for its extensive experience working with industry exposed to space weather effects, particularly those operating in the energy and communications sector. The latest evidence of expertise is NRCan group's success in ESA's Space Weather Pilot AO, winning the study contract for space weather effects on powergrids in arctic regions and the corresponding solutions of these problems. The NRCan Geomagentic Laboratory operates the CANMOS magnetometer array, which will be part of the Canadian Geospace Monitoring data stream. D. Boteler is the current Director of International Space Environment Service, which is a collection of space weather warning centers around the globe. In the long term, our plan for more accurate space weather forecast will move on two planks: enriching the database for forecast by including optical, radio, and solar data, and extending the forecast time horizon by incorporating physical, in addition to statistical, laws in to the forecast engine. The latter aspect will be achieved through collaboration with FDAM, and through it, the vast international resources of magnetospheric and solar wind models.

12. Canadian Geospace Monitoring

(E. Donovan, D. Boteler, G. Sofko, I. R. Mann, R. Rankin, J. MacDougal, K. Tapping, et al.)

A key emerging theme in Canada's space plasma research is integration. This move has two aspects: integration of instruments, and more importantly, integration of scientific problems. Until recently, physical science has been dominated by the reductionist approach, breaking down problems into manageable bits, or their "fundamental" property. The concept of nonlinearity and emergent phenomena has shown that the reductionist philosophy has a severe limitation in addressing nonlinear systems, that is, parts do not add up linearly. Since the magnetosphere and ionosphere system is undoubtedly a highly nonlinear system, even the understanding of all parts will not automatically translate into the understanding of the system as a whole. This integration of scientific problems is the ultimate driver in the formation of the Canadian Geospace Monitoring. By combining the components listed in Item 5 to 12, Canadian Geospace Monitoring will provide the conduit, and ultimately, a coordinated scientific strategy to investigate some larger integrated problems of critical import. An example is the nature of multiscale coupling in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system. Another emerging development is closer coordination with space-based constellation missions to address the coupling problem from both ends (see THEMIS).

13. THEMIS

(V. Angelopolous et al.)

THEMIS (Time History and Electrodynamics and Macroscale Interaction during Substorms) has been selected as NASA's next MIDEX mission, and first constellation from NASA in space plasma physics. Through strategic placement and deployment of 5 microsatellites in the midnight plane, THEMIS seeks to answer the long-running debate on what is the cause of substorms and how events propagate in the magnetosphere. THEMIS has the distinction of among the very few space missions where ground-based observations are not only integral but also essential. The THEMIS constellation will need the context definition capability of Canadian Geospace Monitoring, as well as the 20 additional ground-based imagers and magnetometers to be deployed in Canada. For this reason, the THEMIS orbit conjunction strategy is based on alignment with the CANOPUS Churchill line, whereas the additional instruments will define the overall context besides the alignment. There are four Canadian co-I's on the THEMIS team, and Canada will contribute resources and expertise for the installation of new THEMIS ground instruments and operation of a ground-based data facility. The Canadian scientists look forward with excitement to the science that will emerge from THEMIS and to making unique valuable contributions to this experiment.

14. International Living With a Star

International Living With a Star (ILWS) is an outgrowth of NASA's Living With a Star initiative, only much more extensive. In practice, all major space plasma missions supported by the world's major space agencies coming in the next decade will fall under the ILWS umbrella. This include the bona fide NASA LWS missions such as Solar Dynamic Observatory, as well as such major NASA Solar Terrestrial Probe (STP) missions as Magnetosphere Multiscale and STEREO, and Explorer missions as THEMIS. There are critical non-NASA contributions within ILWS that make the program by far the greatest space science collaboration ever undertaken (greater than the highly acclaimed and successful ISTP by a factor of 5, in terms of the number of potential missions (totalling over 20, with total new mission costs exceeding $5 B). Take the Sun-observing part of the ILWS mission as an example. There are Solar-B, STEREO, Solar Dynamics Observatory, Solar Orbiter, Solar Sentinel, and potentially a resurrected Solar Probe, to add greater resolution and broader range of observations to the currently operating missions like SOHO, TRACE, and RHESSI. Similar synergy is found in the Magnetosphere and Ionosphere/Thermosphere Mission Network.

A unique and exciting feature of ILWS is that Ground-Based Observations are given essentially the same mission network status, on the recognition that these observations are not merely appendages to satellite data, but are indispensable to solving many major questions ILWS proposes to tackle. The THEMIS integrated approach described above will certainly not be the last instance of ground-based science growing role in our field. The experience and success of Canadian scientists in this area of research was one of the major reasons that ground-based science became an integral part of ILWS.

ILWS currently has over twenty five member agencies represented on its plenary Working Group. On behalf of the Canadian scientific community, the CSA acts as a member of the ILWS Steering Committee, along with NASA, ESA (current Chair of the Committee), ISAS of Japan, and Russian Aviation and Space Agency. The CSA has a special role on the ILWS Steering Committee to coordinate the ground-based aspect of ILWS science. In this spirit, the CSA has recommended to the ILWS Working Group and obtained its blessing that Professor Eric Donovan, the leader of the Canadian Geospace Monitoring Program, chair the ILWS Ground-based Science Task Group. Additionally, the CSA has recommended five other Canadian scientists to be represented on the Magnetosphere, Ionosphere/Thermosphere, and Solar Observations Task Groups. These task groups are charged with the work to advise the ILWS Working Group how to best coordinate and conduct the Sun-Earth System science, given the planned and potential missions from the member agencies. Furthermore, it is highly likely - certainly it is the hope of member agencies, that the ILWS context will allow certain new missions that are beyond the reach of one or a few agencies to grow into fruition or allow existing missions to be significantly enhanced through new contributions. Canada is poised and ready to play an important and constructive role in all such discussions.

15. Future Outlook

After a downturn in the mid 90's, Canada's prospect in space plasma physics has made a decided turn for the better. A major renewal has taken place in most of the universities, with a healthy demographic shift as more and more younger scientists are appointed to permanent positions. Since 1995, there have been 11 new permanent appointments in the key demographic group of 30-45 years in Canada (accounting for over half of Canada's total academic research positions in this field), with at least two new appointments expected in the next two years. There have been three Canada Research Chairs and one Senior Industrial Research Chair appointed or nominated in this field. Furthermore, the renewal is far from the static, status-quo replacement of retirees. The actual new appointment to retirement ratio currently runs at 3 to 1. Hence, the most important asset of Canada space research, people, is secure and gives a good reason for optimism for the future. Financially, despite the universal challenge faced by most scientific institutions in the world, Canada strives to maintain the stability and growth of this discipline through sound strategic planning and partnership. On the latter, NSERC and CFI, in particular, have become more and more important contributors to space plasma research, and the CSA and its government partners have become increasingly integrated in areas of synergy and common interest (HIA and NRCan are two prominent examples).

ILWS is a major theme in our plan. Canadian Geospace Monitoring will be a fundamental contribution from Canada that will be maintained throughout ILWS. ePOP will be Canada's first contribution to the ILWS space fleet. The focus of current planning centers on what future contributions Canada can make. Three experimental concepts are being discussed: A continuous magnetic storm monitor consisting of two contraposed polar satellites for uninterrupted imaging of storm signatures in the ionosphere (called RAVENS), a potential follow-on to ePOP, featuring a constellation of microsatellites especially for enhanced radio wave mapping of the ionosphere (McPearl), and further downstream, a nano-satellite constellation for the study of energy transport phenomena on the reconnection scale with possibly active release capability. Needlessly to say, we expect more innovative ideas to come as our scientific community continues to respond to research opportunities.

Canada's space plasma research has a strong heritage from the early days when most research was ground-based. This has led to a tradition that is broadly collaborative and promotes the global point of view. Through Geospace Monitoring, we are moving towards a more integrated, more knowledge-sensitive (through data-constrained theory and modeling) national project that will have a major international impact. Through ILWS, we are seeking to put Canada's resources at maximal use by filling key gaps in international undertakings. At the same time when we make progress in science, the integrated research approach will also provide us a systematic way to bring the totality of our research effort and knowledge generated thereof to practical endeavors such as the understanding and prediction of space weather.

Compilation and commentary by: William Liu, Canadian Space Agency

Robert Horita, University of Victoria

Andrew Yau, University of Calgary

CONCLUSIONS TO PARTS A AND B

The Canadian STP community is a large and yet coherent group of scientists, engineers, and graduate students. There is good and effective communication and synergy between the "Atmospheric Environment" and "Space Environment" areas. This is encouraged by the overlap between the areas, which is demanded by the complexity of STP processes, and the powerful coupling between atmospheric and plasma regions. The CSA provides mechanisms, especially through SAEAC (Space and Atmospheric Environment Advisory Committee to the CSA) for the STP community to operate in the most effective fashion.