During the years 1995-98, the focus for physical oceanographic research in Canada maintained many of the same directions that began in 1991-94 and were outlined in the previous IUGG report (Gratton, 1995). In the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) government laboratories, an emphasis on studies linking physical and biological oceanography continued to grow, with salmon being the primary focus on the West Coast and cod being the focus on the East Coast. Investigations looking at the paths of contaminants in the environment, the effects of climate change, and integrated coastal management (a combination of "hard" and "soft" science) also gained in prominence. In academic institutes, significant efforts continued on national and international multidisciplinary programs such as global climate change, ecosystem dynamics, large-scale ocean circulation, sea-ice interactions, etc. The "bloom" in numerical circulation models (both coastal and basin-scale), coupled atmosphere-ocean models, ice models and remote sensing studies also continued. In general, large, fully integrated, multidisciplinary teams and studies became more prolific.

 Foreman and Gratton (1999) present a more detailed summary of physical oceanographic research in Canada wherein specific contributions are classified according to the following geographic regions and generic topics: Coastal Atlantic, Coastal Pacific, Arctic Ocean, Labrador Sea, Pacific Ocean, St. Lawrence River and Gulf, Regional Seas, Turbulence and Mixing, and Ocean Circulation and Modelling. As extensive information is now generally available through Internet Homepages, a list of relevant addresses is included in Appendix 1. It is recommended that interested readers either refer to these pages, or the Foreman and Gratton (1999) publication list, for further details.
 
 

References

 Gratton, Y. 1995. Physical oceanography in Canada : 1991-1994. Report prepared for the Canadian National Committee for the IUGG.
 
 

1. Department of Fisheries and Oceans Laboratories :
1. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia : http://www.ios.bc.ca/ios/osap
2. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia: http://www.mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/ocean/welcome.html
3. Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Mont Joli, Québec: http://www.qc.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/iml/en/intro.htm
4. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, St. John's, Newfoundland: http://sunny.nwafc.nf.ca:81/index.html
2. Universities :
1. School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia : http://ceor.seos.uvic.ca/seos/research.html
2. Department of Earth and Ocean Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia : http://www.eos.ubc.ca/research/research.html
3. Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia: http://www.phys.ocean.dal.ca/phys-ocean.html
4. Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Québec : http://www.meteo.mcgill.ca/fac.html
5. Department d'Océanographie, Université de Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec : http://www.uqar.uquebec.ca/uqar/brochure.htm
6. Department of Physics, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario : http://www.rmc.ca/academic/physics/www/acad.htm
7. Department of Physics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland : http://www.physics.mun.ca/Ocean/physocean.html